141 

M4 
lilt 









H 



WW; 



■ 






■ 



sun 

ii 

V Hunl 

MjtftRl HI 



HHH»mI 







* ** y< v 



v>% 









^ <> 

^ *% 








v ' ■ ^ 






> * A A 











- 










^ r k a * 






% 






W 






111 



%$ 






' " ' . 



w 






>*% V 






/ 



"% v * f 









,; W' N 



** v 'V 



A- 



v. ^ 



■/* * * * S S . V I B /, V* 

* o -0' \ ■/ <£* 



^ -^ 





. 



i "• i 








W 




^ 




iCtterarg BarovxtxtB 




Stye 

ijanfchmik 



y^^ 



BY 

IDA SHAW MARTIN 

A. B. " 



FOURTH EDITION 



1911 






Copyrighted 1905, 1907, 1909 and 1911 

By IDA SHAW MARTIN 






#' 



*/ 



GEO. BANTA PUBLISHING CO 
MENASHA.WISCONSIN 



!C!.A305217 





• 








£l§^i 




jJAfeSg^^ 



Jlrefar? ta X\\t Fnurttj lE^tttott. 

The present edition marks the close of the fifth year since 
the Handbook material was first collected and published. 
During that time four editions and two supplements have 
been brought out. The very earnest study that is being given 
to the sorority system by its members and the need for being 
well-informed on all phases of fraternity development have 
created a demand for frequent issues. 

The plates of badges remain the same as in the last edi- 
tion, but the illustration of the sorority flags is new. The 
plate was reduced from a drawing which was presented to 
the Handbook after being used in connection with a very in- 
teresting and valuable article on "The Flags of Women's 
Fraternities ' ', written by Mrs. Lois Smith Crann and pub- 
lished for the first time in the July, 1911, issue of The Lyre of 
Alpha Chi Omega. 

So many inquiries have come from small literary sororities 
desiring representation in the Handbook that it may be well 
to state the limitations that have been made. Class A in- 
cludes those that have one or more chapters in institutions 
listed as A colleges, or as coeducational colleges, by the Com- 
missioner of Education. Class B includes only such of the 
smaller societies as are rivals of one or more of the Class A 



sororities. Only one new sorority, therefore, has been added 
to the list, but a new department has been made necessary by 
the change of Sigma Sigma Sigma from a literary to a normal 
sorority. The Carnegie Foundation has been playing such an 
important part in the college world the last few years that it 
has been included with the honorary associations. A list of 
B colleges, mentioned in the Handbook, has been inserted for 
reference purposes. 

Owing to repeated requests for fuller data concerning 
the men's literary fraternities the material has been consider- 
ably amplified. The alphabetical arrangement of chapter 
rolls has proved so satisfactory that it has been continued to- 
gether with the use of italics to designate the mother chapter. 
The monthly study topics and the statistical table, covering 
the five-year period between the first and fourth editions, 
have been added in the hope that they will prove of value to 
the student of the sorority system. 

Ida Shaw Martin. 
(Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin). 
September 7, 1911. 



CHAPTER I. 
The Higher Education of Women. 

To the popular mind the higher education of women is 
synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking 
the term covers a wider field and includes professional as well 
as collegiate training. The college girl is probably quite 
familiar with the four types of institutions at which the alum- 
nae of secondary schools may continue their education, viz., the 
coeducational college, the independent college, the affiliated 
college and the coordinate college. 

Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of col- 
lege education in the United States. About seventy per cent, 
of the five hundred colleges in the country are coeducational, 
while there are only fourteen independent colleges of the first 
rank, six affiliated colleges and about the same number of 
coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons for this 
characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our system 
of education, we must turn back the pages of our country's 
history. 

The close of the revolution found the American States 
independent, but not united. The country was without a 
head and Congress without power. There was distress and 
discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill and 
the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A fortunate 
circumstance at this critical period was the common interest 



2 The Higher Education. 

that seven of the thirteen states had in the Great Northwest 
Territory. The people were buoyed up by the hope that these 
states would release their claims and by transferring their 
interests to the national government would furnish Congress 
with the means to pay off the war debt. This generosity 
was of far-reaching significance in its influence upon education 
in the Western States. The thirteen original colonies had 
copied closely the educational systems of the Old World, 
particularly those of England. The great Northwest Ter- 
ritory was sparsely settled and education was at best em- 
bryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental 
Congress provided for the government of this vast section and 
specified that there should be a reservation in every town- 
ship for the maintenance of public schools. This was later 
interpreted as providing also for the reservation of lands for 
university endowment. In this way the future of the state 
university was assured. At the time this ordinance was 
passed, however, there was no thought in the minds of the 
legislators that a strong impulse was given to the higher educa- 
tion of women. The daughters of colonial homes were busy 
with baking and brewing, with spinning and weaving, with 
the manifold household duties for which no labor-saving 
devices had yet been invented. Even the daughters of the 
well-to-do had little time or interest for any education save 
such superficial knowledge as might be acquired at the fashion- 
able finishing school. 

The half century following the Revolution was noteworthy 
for the establishment of district schools and academies, and 
for the awakening of new ideas concerning the education of 



The Higher Education. 3 

girls. The year 1830, when the first locomotive was built, is 
an epoch-marking date in the history of the United States 
and no less so in the history of the higher education for women. 
The building of railroads and the consequent growth of cities 
was followed by a great revival in educational interests, re- 
sulting in state supervision and the opening of high and nor- 
mal schools for girls. The years immediately following wit- 
nessed the transfer of many industries from the home to the 
factory and deprived women of their usual occupations, leav- 
ing them a large measure of leisure. 

It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with her 
gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look for 
the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin Col- 
lege, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, but 
not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first institution 
to offer advanced courses to women as well as men. In 1836 
Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachusetts Legis- 
lature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which though it did not 
pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood firm for serious 
work and high standards. Wesleyan College, incorporated 
by the Legislature of Georgia and opened in 1839, was the first 
woman's college to receive a charter from any state, and was 
one of a number of schools opened about this same time in the 
South for the higher education of women. Galesburg, 111., is 
worthy of mention as having had enterprise enough to support 
two colleges, Knox and Lombard, both of which admitted 
women practically from the beginning, the former in 1845, 
the latter in 1851. In 1853 Antioch College in Ohio was 
opened under the presidency of Horace Mann and admitted 



4 The Higher Education. 

men and women on equal terms. Elmira College, established 
in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, was the first woman's col- 
lege in the north to receive a charter. The state universities 
of Utah and Iowa, opened respectively in 1850 and 1856, ad- 
mitted women from the first. A few institutions under re- 
ligious control in the Middle "West, bearing the name of col- 
lege, but doing work little higher than the best secondary 
schools of the present time, were induced to admit women as 
the result of these experiments. Except, however, in the dis- 
tricts, where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, 
little marked progress was made. Women were still the slaves 
of tradition. 

Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we must look 
for the complete emancipation of women educationally. The 
continuous fighting during the four years of the war and the 
consequent drafts upon the Northern states for soldiers 
drained this section of its men and led to the employment of 
women as teachers in the secondary schools. This arrange- 
ment, at first considered only temporary, proved to be perma- 
nent, and thinking men soon realized that the much debated 
question of higher education for women had become a matter 
of expediency. In this time of immediate need what was more 
natural than that the people should demand that existing col- 
leges hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women ? 
The well-endowed universities made a strong stand against 
what they considered an intrusion. They claimed that they 
did this from a sense of duty to the past, to the founders and 
givers of endowments. The state universities, however, could 
make no such plea. Their endowments came from state or 



The Higher Education. 5 

federal government without restriction as to sex, and the 
people failed to see the need of establishing separate colleges 
for women when the state universities were already in exis- 
tence. Before long their doors, willingly or unwillingly, 
swung open to maid as well as man, — Kansas and Minnesota 
in 1866, Indiana in 1868, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois and 
California in 1870, Nebraska in 1871, Ohio in 1873, Wisconsin 
in 1874. The opening of the University of Michigan to women 
was in direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon 
demand from the state legislature and is interesting as show- 
ing the sentiment of the people. All state universities or- 
ganized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. 

Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard were 
very different. There were no state universities and the 
famous colleges already established refused to admit women. 
Certain concessions, to be sure, have been made after pro- 
longed agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened as Harvard 
Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for women in 1894 
and granting its own degrees, where the instruction is given 
by members of the Harvard faculty and the diplomas counter- 
signed by the President of Harvard University as a guarantee 
that the degrees are equivalent to the corresponding degrees 
given by the university ; again in the case of Barnard, opened 
in 1889 and incorporated in 1900 as an undergraduate wo- 
man's college of Columbia University, where the instruction 
is given entirely by professors appointed by university trustees 
and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A. B. degree 
is granted by the university and women who have taken their 
first degree are admitted to Columbia on the same terms as 



6 The Higher Education. 

men, and lastly, in the case of the Woman's College of Brown 
University, established as a regular department in 1897, 
though women were admitted informally as early as 1892. 
These concessions grudgingly given turned many promising 
young women, who resented this attitude of what they con- 
sidered selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for 
women and resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of 
these institutions in the East. Of these there are ten, Elmira, 
Vassar, Wells, Wellesley, and Smith, chartered within the 
third quarter of the nineteenth century, the last four within 
a period of ten years, and Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Wo- 
man's College of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon Woman's Col- 
lege and Trinity, established within the last twenty-five years. 
Rockford College in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, 
chartered as a college in 1892, and still retaining a preparatory 
department, and Mills College in California, opened as a 
seminary in 1871, chartered as a college in 1885, are the only 
examples of independent colleges of A rank for women in the 
vast section devoted to coeducation. By their smallness they 
bear eloquent testimony to the popular demand for coeduca- 
tion. 

Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and 
affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as 
regards its location and faculty, and Florida College for 
Women, opened in 1905 as an affiliated college of the state 
university, which had become coeducational in 1888, are ex- 
amples of the old-time Southern prejudice. The abandon- 
ment of coeducation at Western Reserve University in 1888 
after a trial of sixteen years and the establishment of a co- 



The Higher Education. 7 

ordinate college for women under the university charter re- 
sulted from a decision of the trustees to call the college back 
to its original purpose, to educate men only, a decision which 
seemed the wisest solution of the difficulties growing out of 
an attempt to engraft coeducation upon an institution 
modelled after New England ideas. The decision of the trus- 
tees of Wesleyan University to limit the number of women 
admitted in any one year to twenty per cent, of the whole 
number of students enrolled in the preceding year and their 
later acknowledgment of defeat when they voted to admit no 
women after the class of 1913, may be taken as another in- 
stance of the futility of the attempt to introduce coeducation 
at a New England college. The segregation policy of Chicago 
University, adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereby 
separate instruction is provided as far as possible for men 
and women during the freshman and sophomore years, was 
explained by President Harper as due in a large measure to 
the proximity of the university to a great metropolis and the 
increasing enrolment of young women students. The de- 
cision of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr. University to 
limit the number of women students to five hundred at any 
time is, according to President Jordan, in harmony with the 
founder's purpose. 

The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in establish- 
ing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of 
coeducation and the complete separation of the two in the 
required work of the first two years is said to be due to a 
desire to make suitable and adequate provision for the culture 
and intellectual training of young women, to enable them to 



8 The Higher Education. 

enjoy a more distinct social life while in college and to provide 
for them an independent system of honors and prizes. The Col- 
lege for "Women opened at Bucknell University in 1905, 
though at present only a hall of residence, since very little 
instruction is given separately, is nevertheless the beginning 
of a definite plan for separation. The system of coordination 
in vogue for some years at Colby and the more recent de- 
cision to introduce separation in chapel exercises are the first 
steps toward the establishment of an affiliated college for 
women. The opening of Jackson college for women in 1910, 
after an experience of eighteen years with coeducation at 
Tufts, came as no surprise to the college world of New Eng- 
land. The coordinate college seems to be the accepted solu- 
tion of the vexatious problem of providing collegiate instruc- 
tion for women in connection with well-established colleges 
for men. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 



CHAPTER II. 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as 
witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the union 
of thirteen colonies,— a union that was to stand preeminently 
for the brotherhood of man, saw also the foundations laid for 
another union, another brotherhood, that, like its prototype, 
was destined to grow into a mighty power. On the fifth of 
December, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded at Wil- 
liam and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. This was the first 
of the secret Greek-letter Societies and therefore the parent 
of the modern fraternity system, which has become so large 
a factor in the college life of the United States. 

The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provision 
for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half century 
passed before its roll numbered five chapters and before an- 
other Greek-letter society was founded. Colleges were few 
and scattered, the country in the throes of a great war. The 
colleges established prior to the Revolution were but nine in 
number, Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693), Yale 
(1701), Princeton (1746), King's, now Columbia (1754), 
Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers (1763), Brown (1764), and 
Dartmouth (1770). No small proportion of their endowment 
had come from the mother country, but the Declaration of 



10 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Independence naturally put an end to donations from Eng- 
land and crippled the resources of existing colleges. The 
period of business depression immediately following the close 
of the war, the general instability of the government, the con- 
tinued difficulties with England resulting in the War of 1812, 
were not conducive to ease of mind or educational progress. 

The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the country 
in a flourishing condition. The United States had demonstrat- 
ed on land and sea its right to be considered a world power. Its 
credit was good, its people prosperous. The tremendous im- 
pulse given to trade and immigration by the use of steam as 
a motive power, the rapid development of the country owing 
to the construction of state roads and artificial waterways, the 
mighty stimulus afforded public thought by the daily appear- 
ance of the penny newspaper, the great awakening of interest 
in popular education as a result of the heroic labors of Horace 
Mann in Massachusetts and of Henry Barnard in New York, 
had produced a nation that was alert and enterprising. It 
was but natural that these same years of peace, prosperity and 
progress should witness the establishment of many new col- 
leges as well as a great increase in matriculation at the older 
institutions. 

While a college is small it is possible for every student to 
know intimately all the others and to be in close touch with 
the different members of the faculty, but as the numbers in- 
crease the personal relation between professor and student is 
eliminated more and more, and the undergraduates are forced 
to find sympathetic companionship in a small group of class- 
mates. So long as a boy is conscious of sympathy and in- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 11 

terest on the part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, 
his ambitions, he will seek no further, but the moment he has 
lost faith in those of his own household he will go elsewhere 
in search of the perfect understanding that his nature craves. 
The American professor is a boy at heart, he understands 
young men, but the pressure of work is severe both in and out 
of the classroom and there is a limit to human possibilities, to 
human endurance. The crowded classroom, the ascetic dor- 
mitory, the cheerless boarding house gave birth to the frater- 
nity. They have given birth to worse impulses, but to no 
better. That the fraternity became a college society instead 
of a more limited organization, that it eventually included 
members from all undergraduate classes instead of being 
restricted to those of one particular year is a tribute to the 
democratic spirit and magnanimity of the American college 
student. 

The need and attractiveness of these organizations is at- 
tested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities were 
founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter century, 
—Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 1827, all 
three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, Psi Upsilon. 
Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, Beta Theta Pi, 
Miami, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 
1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, Zeta Psi, New York Univer- 
sity, 1847, Phi Gamma Delta, Jefferson, 1848, Theta Delta Chi, 
Union, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848. Alpha Sigma 
Phi, Yale, 1845, was also established during this period, but 
did not enter upon a career of extension until rather recently. 
The period from 1850 to the Civil War was an era of insta- 



12 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

bility, yet six new fraternities came into existence, four in the 
North and two in the South, — Phi Kappa Sigma, Pennsyl- 
vania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jefferson, 1852, Chi Phi, Prince- 
ton, 1854, which lays claim to being a revival of a similarly 
named society established at the same college thirty years be- 
fore, Sigma Chi, Miami, 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama, 
1856, Delta Tau Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years im- 
mediately following the close of the Civil "War are remarkable 
as giving birth to five fraternities and those all founded in 
Virginia, — Alpha Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute, 
1865, Kappa Alpha (Southern Order), "Washington and Lee, 
1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Virginia, 1868, Sigma 
Nu, Virginia Military Institute, 1869, Kappa Sigma, Univer- 
sity of Virginia, 1869. These twenty-five fraternities, to- 
gether with one other, Phi Sigma Kappa, founded at the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873, had the field 
practically to themselves for more than thirty years, but the 
twentieth century is giving evidence of renewed activity in 
founding fraternities, for the year 1901 alone gave birth to 
two new societies that have made a place for themselves al- 
ready, Sigma Phi Epsilon, established at Eichmond, and Delta 
Sigma Phi, founded at the college of the City of New York. 
Alpha Chi Rho, founded at Trinity College, also came into 
prominence about this same time. Theta Chi, after nearly 
half a century as a local at Norwich University, felt the call 
to expand in 1903 and has since then been growing steadily. 
When opportunities for collegiate training became a possi- 
bility for women it was but natural, especially in the coedu- 
cational institutions, that college girls should be anxious to 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 13 

enjoy the manifest advantages that membership in these secret 
organizations secured. It was not surprising, then, to find 
that one-third of the existing sororities were founded at co- 
educational colleges within three years after the admission of 
women. The first secret society for women, so far as is known, 
was the Adelphean, founded at "Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., 
in 1851, which changed its name to Alpha Delta Phi Sorority 
in 1905. A similar club was the Philomathean, which was 
organized in 1852, and which became Phi Mu in 1907. Both 
were suspended for a few years during the Civil War owing 
to the closing of the institution, but were kept alive through 
the efforts of resident members. Another society, founded in 
1856, and interesting historically as probably the first one 
composed of women to bear a Greek name was Chi Theta Delta, 
which existed for several years at the Troy Female Seminary 
and which was instituted by delegations from the Rensselaer 
and Union chapters of Theta Delta Chi. The oldest secret 
organization to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to the 
present day was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira College in 
1856. This was followed ten years later by Phi Mu at the 
same college. Neither of these societies began life with Greek 
names, but the change was made very early in their history. 
The first national organization, or sorority, was the I. C. Soro- 
sis, founded at Monmouth College in 1876, and known since 
1888 as Pi Beta Phi. The first sorority to bear a Greek name 
was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded at De Pauw University in 
1870. The establishment of Kappa Kappa Gamma in this 
same year at Monmouth College, of Alpha Phi at Syracuse 
University in 1872, of Delta Gamma at Louis Institute, — a 



14 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

boarding school for girls at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State 
University, in January, 1874, of Gamma Phi Beta at Syracuse 
University and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November 
of that same year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at Wellesley 
in 1876, shows how simultaneous and spontaneous was the 
development of the fraternity idea among college women in 
different sections of the country. There is no doubt that 
numerous similar organizations existed in other colleges, for 
sorority records show a number of instances where such socie- 
ties applied for charters and became enrolled as chapters of 
the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal growth of the 
latter and the rise of the more recent sororities can be readily 
accounted for by the rapid increase in matriculation. 

Of the fourteen Greek-letter societies established prior to 
1880 and in existence today, all but three, Kappa Sigma and 
Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of "Wellesley have estab- 
lished chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa Alpha 
Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma were any- 
thing more than local organizations at that date. Alpha Phi 
established its second chapter at Northwestern in 1881, Gam- 
ma Phi Beta placed its second at the University of Michigan 
in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at Wesleyan Univer- 
sity in 1893, but this became extinct after an existence of ten 
years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly thirty years before grant- 
ing its first charter to petitioners at Boston University in 
1904. Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu remained locals for more 
than half a century. The fact that barely twenty chapters 
established between 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken 
existence is a striking proof of the general disfavor with which 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 15 

the higher education of women was regarded in its experi- 
mental stage. The establishment of sixty-three vigorous chap- 
ters during the next decade shows conclusively that the ex- 
periment was a success and that the sorority idea was becom- 
ing firmly entrenched. The granting of sixty charters to col- 
lege petitioners between 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the 
growing popularity of collegiate training for women. The 
fact that over two hundred college chapters were established 
within the last decade and that many new sororities have 
come into prominence within that same period would indicate 
that the twentieth century is extending the heartiest kind 
of welcome to the sorority as well as to the college girl. 

One interesting phase in the evolution of the system has 
been the organization of special sororities by musical and 
medical students. Though by no means affecting such large 
numbers of matriculates, they are solving the same problems 
that confront the literary sororities, especially along the line 
of providing opportunities for the growth of congenial friend- 
ships. The simple social life that these organizations make a 
possibility is a great boon to those who are in a measure shut 
out from active participation in the general college life that 
centres about the academic departments of the large univer- 
sities. 

Distribution of Chapters. 

Of the twenty-three literary sororities having one or more 
chapters in colleges of the highest rank, one, Pi Beta Phi, 
has more than forty chapters, and three, Kappa Alpha Theta, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta, have more than 



16 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

thirty. These four and one other, Chi Omega, which is rapid- 
ly nearing the thirty chapter mark, are found in all sections of 
the country. Delta Gamma, though by birth a southern so- 
rority, has now no chapter south of Mason and Dixon's line. 
Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu confined themselves to the South 
for more than half a century. In addition to this there are 
three sororities that seem at present essentially Southern, Kap- 
pa Delta, Sigma Sigma Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, all or- 
ganized at the Virginia State Normal School. Virginia has 
always been noted as a fraternity stronghold and was the 
birthplace of seven fraternities, Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Tau 
Omega, Southern Kappa Alpha, Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa Al- 
pha, Sigma Nu and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Until 1893, when 
Randolph-Macon Woman's College was opened, no provision 
had been made by Virginia for the higher education of her 
daughters. Indeed until the Normal School was opened in 
1884 there was not a scientific laboratory in the entire state 
accessible to women. Presenting, then, for nine years the only 
opportunity for advanced work, it is not strange that this 
school attracted a superior class of students, many of them 
daughters of professors in the colleges of the state and 
consequently in touch with the fraternity idea since early 
childhood. Therefore the establishment of these three secret 
societies was in no wise a peculiar circumstance, but simply 
a natural outcome of the wide-spread activity of the frater- 
nities among the men of Virginia. Owing to the fact that 
coeducation is not so popular in the South as in the Middle 
West, which has always been the sorority stronghold, oppor- 
tunities for extension were naturally limited and some of the 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 17 

earlier charter grants were made to institutions below col- 
legiate rank. It was generally understood, however, that this 
was only a temporary arrangement and that these chapters 
would be retained only until such time as the sororities were 
strong enough to dispense with them. Zeta Tau Alpha, at its 
convention in June, 1906, was the first to raise its standards 
by dropping from its roll all chapters not located at colleges. 
Sigma Sigma Sigma soon followed with a decision to enter 
institutions of collegiate rank only, but at its 1911 Convention 
it made a distinct change in policy, dropped its college chap- 
ters and became a Normal sorority. The 1911 Convention of 
Kappa Delta voted to maintain a strictly collegiate roll, so as 
to become eligible to the National Panhellenic Conference. 

Extension. 

Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled in the 
colleges of the United States is twice that of the women. Ex- 
clusive of professional societies, which have no real bearing on 
the case in point, the fraternities are twice as numerous as the 
sororities. When, however, it comes to a question of the rela- 
tive number of chapters, statistics show that there are three 
fraternity chapters to every sorority chapter, even when local 
societies at the women's colleges that are unfriendly to the 
national sorority idea are counted in the total number. The 
natural inference would be that the sorority is not so popular 
with college women as the fraternity is with college men. Any 
one, however, who knows how many local societies have pe- 
titions before the sororities is aware how very far from true 



18 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

such an inference would be. A certain proportion of these 
petitions, to be sure, has come from colleges which have not 
reached the standards set by the leading universities of the 
country and which, therefore, will fail to meet the first re- 
quirements of the largest and most popular sororities, but, 
even when these applications are omitted from the list, enough 
remain so that it would not be a very difficult matter for the 
sororities to double their chapter rolls by accession from col- 
leges that have been admitted by common consent to be 
eligible to consideration. 

Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus of a 
national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere from two 
to ten years for recognition from some well-known sorority. 
They reason that while they stand alone they have only them- 
selves to consider, whereas if they were to place chapters of 
their own organization in other colleges, they would lose the 
local prestige that comes from having a petition before a 
famous sorority and would have to meet their rivals as a chap- 
ter of a weak society. Confident of securing the coveted 
charter by patience and persistency and of acquiring, thereby, 
the reputation that would come to them as a branch of some 
famous order, they continue to keep their petition before 
the sorority of their choice, even after they have been assured 
repeatedly of the impossibility of a charter grant and have 
been advised to apply elsewhere. Deference to the wishes of 
their alumnae and consideration for their own immediate wel- 
fare in the matter of rushing determine to a large degree their 
attitude in this matter. 

There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, at 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 19 

some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous inde- 
pendent colleges for women. The high standards, the large 
enrolment, two things that mean plenty of good sorority 
material, have always proved very attractive to organizations 
that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to have their chapter 
rolls stand for the best in education. Two independent col- 
leges for women, Goucher and Randolph-Macon, and several 
affiliated colleges, Barnard, Brown, Jackson, Middlebury, and 
Newcomb admit national sororities, but up to the present time 
the big colleges, Bryn Mawr, Mt. Holyoke, Smith, Vassar, and 
Wellesley, and several smaller ones, as well as one affiliated, 
Western Reserve, are closed to these organizations, though 
a number have local secret societies. This condition of affairs 
is in part due to faculty decision and in part to student in- 
difference. When local secret societies are fostered, there is 
a feeling perhaps on the part of the administration that this 
particular kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates 
an esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. 
There is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by demand- 
ing allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines and hold- 
ing conventions, may weaken the interest in the alma mater. 
This is a fallacy. The sororities always do arouse interest in 
other colleges and in the whole movement for the higher edu- 
cation of women, in the problems that confront college girls, 
problems that faculties have not solved and are not solving, 
that college girls alone can solve, but they do not weaken any 
student's interest in her own college. When she meets her 
sisters from other universities, be it at convention or in the 
alumnae association, in public or in private, she knows she is 



20 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

always looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is 
more than anxious by conversation and deportment to show 
her college in a creditable light. From various sources she 
learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, what 
new inspirations have come to do better and broader work, 
and she returns to her own chapter, to her own college, to 
praise where praise is due and where censure or improvement 
is needed, to seek through her own chapter and rival chapters 
to effect the necessary reforms. To believe there is only one 
college in the world, that this college is above reproach and 
incapable of improvement, is snobbishness. To see weakness- 
es in one's alma mater, to strengthen it by every means within 
one's power, to guard its interests jealously, this is loyalty. 
No one is so genuinely or so generously interested in her col- 
lege as the sorority girl, no one has the opportunities that the 
sorority girl has to compare her own college with others. 
There may be a few colleges, having chapters of the national 
sororities, that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close in- 
vestigation will show that this lack is not due to the presence 
of the fraternities, but to other causes. 

A university located in the heart of a large city finds it 
very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit that 
is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college situated 
in a village. The city university draws its students to a 
large extent from the towns within a radius of twenty-five 
miles. The marked improvements recently made in the mat- 
ter of cheap and quick transit render it possible for many of 
the students to live at home during their entire college course. 
The hurried entrance upon the work of the day, the hasty exit 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 21 

after recitations in order to catch a train, the absence of dor- 
mitories, the lack of suitable boarding places in the congested 
districts of a large metropolis for the few who are forced to 
find temporary lodgment, the distractions and fascinations 
of a large city, the general indifference of the greater part of 
the citizens, are all potent agencies that work constantly 
against any very strong growth of college spirit. These same 
elements make it exceedingly difficult for the city university 
to have a satisfactory social life, always a great help in the 
development of a strong esprit de corps. Sorority life under 
these conditions is not without its drawbacks. Evening chap- 
ter meetings are entirely out of the question and those in the 
afternoon can seldom be arranged so as not to interfere with 
train schedules or the convenience of those members whose 
recitations are all in the morning. 

The college or university in the small town, on the other 
hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, property 
owners and tradesmen and there is a marked local pride taken 
in everything that interests the students. They are people 
of importance in the village because of their association with 
the college, and since everybody thinks there is but one college 
in the whole world, they begin to think so too and develop 
immediately a very proper and lasting interest in their alma 
mater. "With dormitories, halls of residence, fraternity and 
sorority houses on or near the campus, with boarding places 
and faculty houses within easy reach, it is possible for such a 
college to have a very delightful social life and to foster all 
sorts of student enterprises. Under such conditions fraternity 



22 The Evolution of the Sorority System, 

and sorority life comes very near to being ideal, an interest 
that is second only to that felt for the college itself. 

Those who have studied deeply into fraternity conditions 
understand how very difficult it is to build up strong chapters 
in colleges that have no dormitory system or that have an 
enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the home of 
Radcliffe and Harvard, will furnish illustration for both of 
these points. Radcliffe, with very little dormitory accommo- 
dation, draws its students largely from nearby cities and 
towns, and so much time is consumed in transit between the 
home and the college there is practically none left for the 
fostering of the life-long friendships that are such a valuable 
product of community life. Harvard, on the other hand, with 
its hundreds of students, its numerous dormitories, its almost 
inexhaustible supply of boarding houses, has never been found 
favorable ground for the planting of fraternity chapters. A 
very few do exist, but they are hampered by many difficulties. 
In the first place the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and the 
college itself offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity 
finds few opportunities to fill spare moments with interest. 
Again, with the large entering classes and the elective system 
governing studies, there is but slight class cohesion and very 
little chance for upper class people to become well acquainted 
with the freshmen. Similar conditions exist at Yale with very 
similar results. 

It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large col- 
leges for women would present the same problems as Harvard 
and Yale. The life of these institutions is already very com- 
plex. Every minute of a girl's spare time, every cent of her 






The Evolution of the Sorority System. 23 



allowance, is spoken for many times over. The freshman class, 
moreover, by reason of its large enrolment would present in- 
numerable difficulties in any attempt to become acquainted 
with the individual members or to study them with a view to 
discovering their possibilities as good sorority material. Elec- 
tions would necessarily have to be postponed and as a result 
the chapter would tend to become a class society as did Alpha 
Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi 
at Yale, and toward which condition the local societies at 
Wellesley, Smith and Mt. Holyoke are surely tending. It 
remains for the future to show whether the great numbers 
at present unprovided for by these local clubs will establish 
similar organizations or appeal to the sororities for charters. 
New local societies, to be sure, would lack the prestige that the 
older ones have and which the sororities could furnish. The 
all important question, of course, with the sororities will be 
whether the large class society would be favorable to the best 
development of the sorority idea and ideal. The sorority 
idea means close friendship fostered by long association in 
common interests. The sorority ideal is the symmetrically de- 
veloped woman, the result of close confidences and lasting 
friendships with a few congenial spirits. 

A generation ago the sororities would have been glad to 
enter these colleges and succeeding years would have seen 
the number of chapters keeping pace with the increase in 
matriculation. Today any well-known sorority would think 
twice before entering, even though assured of a hearty wel- 
come on the part of the administration. 



24 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Standards. 

The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national 
sorority as one having at least five chapters, all of them at 
institutions of collegiate rank. No definition of "collegiate 
rank" was attempted by the Conference and indeed there is 
no organization whose decision could be taken as official and 
final. Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal con- 
trol over the schools of the country, there is no national system 
of education and no national board of education to determine 
what particular kind or amount of work shall constitute a col- 
lege or university. In the Annual Reports of the Department 
of the Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education 
puts all universities, colleges and technological schools, with 
the exception of those admitting women only, in one group 
without any attempt at classification. There is much interest- 
ing information to be gleaned from these reports concerning 
the valuation of the real estate and apparatus of the different 
colleges and concerning the registration and faculty, but little 
to show that some of the five hundred are doing higher grade 
work than others. It is left to the student of college data 
to make his own deductions and the most natural inference 
is that a large endowment, a large corps of professors, a large 
registration, mean high standards, but conclusions from these 
premises alone are not necessarily correct. As has been al- 
ready stated, conditions in the case of the colleges for women 
are somewhat different. Here the Commissioner has made 
two groups. Just what is the basis of decision is not stated, 
but Baltimore, Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Elmira, Mills, Mt. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 25 

Holyoke, Newcomb, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, Rockford, 
Simmons, Smith, Trinity, Vassar, Wellesley and "Wells, are 
put in the A class, while the colleges for women connected with 
Brown and Western Reserve are included in the reports of 
coeducational colleges, though they are quite distinct organiza- 
tions. Their lack of a large and independent endowment, 
which would mean separate faculties, doubtless accounts for 
this listing. 

Thirty-five years ago when sororities were in their infancy 
the problem of extension was a serious one and a number of 
charters were granted to institutions but little higher in grade 
than the modern seminary. The last quarter century, how- 
ever, has witnessed great advances in the movement for the 
higher education of women. In order that the standards of 
the different sororities may be of the highest, it is imperative 
that great care should be taken to place new chapters only at 
such colleges and universities as are known to be of high grade. 
To this end the Inter-Sorority Conference has decided not to 
recognize any order until its chapter roll meets certain require- 
ments. 

One organization that has done much to determine what 
the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in Novem- 
ber, 1881, by seventeen college women, representing eight col- 
leges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae of different institu- 
tions for practical educational work. Later by reason of the 
limitations placed upon admission, it came to be recognized 
as standing for the maintenance of high standards of educa- 
tion. No college applying for membership in the body corpo- 



26 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

rate is examined unless it has fifty women graduates and an 
endowment of $500,000. A preparatory department under the 
government or instruction of the college faculty is also a bar. 
Great stress is laid upon the educational qualifications of the 
corps of instruction, the average available income and the 
value of the equipment of the institution for the work it under- 
takes. The colleges now on the list number twenty-three, six- 
teen coeducational, Boston, California, Chicago, Cornell, Illi- 
nois, Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Institute of Tech- 
nology, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwest- 
ern, Oberlin, Syracuse, Wisconsin, four independent, Bryn 
Mawr, Smith, Vassar, Wellesley and three affiliated, Barnard, 
Radcliffe, "Western Reserve. Graduate membership privileges 
are extended to women holding advanced non-professional de- 
grees from Brown, Clark, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, McGill, 
Pennsylvania, Toronto, Yale and a number of approved for- 
eign universities. Through rigid requirements for admission to 
its honor roll of colleges and universities the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae has done much toward helping to raise and 
broaden collegiate standards in matters of endowment, equip- 
ment, course of study, faculties and salaries. 

A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., in 
1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, which 
was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in Northern 
colleges. Its object is "to unite college women in the South 
for the promotion of higher education for women • to raise the 
standard of education for women; to develop preparatory 
schools and to define the line of demarcation between prepara- 
tory schools and colleges". The corporate members are all 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 27 

colleges recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae 
and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Preparatory 
Schools, and furthermore any other college that the Associa- 
tion considers to be of the same rank as the aforesaid. The 
association hopes eventually to do work very similar to that 
done by its Northern prototype, but at present it feels that it 
should devote most of its thought to educational problems of 
the South. 

Another agency that is making for uniform standards is 
the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta Kappa 
means that the institution receiving it has met the require- 
ments as to organization, equipment, financial standing, 
faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examinations 
demanded by a body of men who are well qualified by training 
and experience to decide what the word college should mean. 
It does not always follow that a college is below grade because 
it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. It is only recently that 
this honorary society began to become really representative 
and some well-known colleges have not awakened to the need 
or meaning of a charter grant. Notable examples of this are 
Bryn Mawr and Radcliffe, on the list of the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae. 

It is interesting to note that of the 386 chapters accredited 
to the 23 literary sororities in Class A, 210, or fifty-four per 
cent., are in colleges honored by Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa 
Phi or Sigma Xi. Of the 176 chapters located at other institu- 
tions, 19 belong to Pi Beta Phi, 14 to Kappa Delta, 13 to Beta 
Sigma Omicron and Delta Delta Delta, 11 to Kappa Kappa 
Gamma, 10 to Alpha Delta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Phi Mu 



28 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Gamma and Zeta Tau Alpha, 9 to Alpha Xi Delta, 8 to Alpha 
Kappa Psi, Chi Omega and Phi Mu, 6 to Alpha Sigma Alpha 
and Delta Gamma, 5 to Alpha Chi Omega, 4 to Gamma Phi 
Beta and Sigma Kappa, 3 to Alpha Gamma Delta, 2 to Alpha 
Phi and 1 to Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Zeta and Pi Delta 
Kappa. A careful study of these figures will show that the 
higher numbers belong to the oldest and largest sororities or 
else to the youngest. There can be no question that the close 
of the present decade will witness a marked improvement in 
this particular, for many colleges on the sorority rolls that are 
without honorary societies will receive charter grants. Their 
standards even now will meet the requirements. In many 
cases it is only a question of petitioning Phi Beta Kappa six 
months before the national convention. 

By far the most potent factor in the standardizing move- 
ment during the later years, and one that is being recognized 
by the sororities as particularly authoritative when the question 
of standards is under discussion, is the Carnegie Foundation 
for the Advancement of Teaching. On April 16, 1905, Mr. 
Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000, the income from which is 
to be applied to the payment of retiring allowances to profes- 
sors and officers of universities, colleges and technical schools 
in the United States, Canada and Newfoundland. The donor's 
original idea was to limit the benefits to undenominational and 
non-tax-supported institutions. On March 31, 1906, however, 
Mr. Carnegie gave an additional $5,000,000, so as to include 
state and provincial colleges, where the application is approved 
by the governor and the legislature. The rules of the Founda- 
tion requires that an institution to be entitled to the privileges 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 29 

of the retiring-allowance system must possess a revenue suf- 
ficient to guarantee stability, must maintain adequately organ- 
ized collegiate departments and must require for admission 
enough training to insure real college work in the freshman 
class, namely fourteen units, a unit being defined as represent- 
ing a year's study in a secondary school and constituting ap- 
proximately a quarter of a full year's work. The Foundation 
declares that no college can maintain fair educational stand- 
ards on an endowment less than $200,000, and it further be- 
lieves that a satisfactory year's work can not be accomplished 
in any subject in less than one hundred and twenty sixty-min- 
ute periods. 

Another powerful force in the educational uplift and in 
the standardizing of all kinds of institutions is the General 
Education Board, chartered by Congress, January 12, 1903, 
following the offer of $1,000,000 by Mr. John D. Rockefeller 
in 1902, its object being "the promotion of education within 
the United States of America, without distinction of race, sex 
or creed". In June, 1905, Mr. Rockefeller gave the sum of 
$10,000,000 as a permanent endowment for the purposes of the 
Board, and two years later added $32,000,000, one-third of 
which went into the permanent endowment fund. One of the 
principal objects for which the income is expended is the in- 
creasing of the endowments of universities and colleges, the 
custom being to offer a certain number of thousands on condi- 
tion that the institution raise a very much larger sum within 
a short period of time. The Board employs a force of experts 
in a systematic study of educational conditions and is thus 
enabled to use wisely the funds which have been placed at its 



30 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

disposal. The many "whirlwind" campaigns that have fol- 
lowed offers from the Board have been the inspiration that has 
raised a number of mediocre colleges to recognized rank and 
has made possible their presence on the rolls of the oldest and 
proudest sororities. 

Another organization that has done much to stimulate in- 
dependent self -activity through local initiative is the Southern 
Education Board, which began active work in January, 1902, 
and whose educational campaign has awakened the people in 
the vast section in which it operates to the need of adopting 
sound, constructive educational policies. No one that has 
watched the change that has come over the face of Southern 
education within the last decade could be blind to the splendid 
work of this Board, which has given a distinct tone to all 
grades of education, from the lowest to the highest. The Gen- 
eral Education Board has been of incalculable aid to the South- 
ern Education Board in its efforts at uplift. Together they 
have worked for a finer spirit of nationalism and the results 
are a splendid testimony to their success. The rapid growth 
of the many Southern sororities and the granting of numerous 
charters by strong Northern orders to institutions in the South 
give unmistakable proof of the improved collegiate standards 
in a section that has been regarded for many years as the spe- 
cial home of the "finishing school". 

Government. 

The supreme governing body of the sororities is the Nation- 
al Convention which meets annually or biennially, but in order 
that important questions requiring immediate decision may 






The Evolution of the Sorority System. 31 



receive attention during the interim, it is customary for the 
sororities to place a certain amount of legislative, judicial and 
executive power in the hands of a few members who are re- 
sponsible to the succeeding convention for their acts and who 
constitute what is known as the Grand Council, the Executive 
Committee, or the Grand Chapter, as the case may be. The 
number of members elected for this purpose differs somewhat 
in the different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a 
Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, 
an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in 
seven cases, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi 
Beta, Kappa Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Sigma Kappa and Al- 
pha Delta Phi, the Editor is not ranked as a member of the 
executive staff. These five officers are usually sufficient for a 
small sorority, but where the chapter roll numbers more 
than twenty, the task of welding so many separate units into 
an harmonious whole becomes a serious problem. Hence it has 
come to pass that the older and larger sororities have found it 
necessary to create new offices in order that no member, of the 
executive staff may have more work than she can accomplish 
satisfactorily and in order that every phase of fraternity de- 
velopment may receive its due share of attention. The so- 
rorities are tending more and more toward retaining for longer 
periods than the usual interim of two years between conven- 
tions, those officers who show special ability along certain lines. 
Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, 
historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. 
Gamma Phi Beta has a well-defined policy of advancing her 
officers. The governing board consists of one member from 



32 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

each alumnae chapter and as each president retires, the chap- 
ter that she has represented elects some one who takes her 
place at the foot of the line and works up through the various 
offices. Delta Gamma's method is to elect its executive staff 
for a term of four years, the election of the president and 
treasurer alternating with that of the vice-president and secre- 
tary. Each convention designates the chapters from which 
the new officers are to come, and these chapters elect the officers 
for the ensuing term. The editor is frequently re-elected 
several times. Alpha Phi's plan of choosing officers, first 
from one section of the country and then from another, has 
much to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi has paid its four 
founders a great tribute in making them life members of the 
Grand Council. Kappa Delta has extended a similar compli- 
ment to its leading founder. 

Publications. 

The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, those 
that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued for 
members only. To the first class belong the magazines, the 
catalogues or directories, the song books, the histories and 
the calendars. Among the secret issues are the constitutions, 
convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 

The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most 
of their space to reports from chapters and personals about 
alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor en- 
deavors to keep her subscribers informed of all that is pass- 
ing in the fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 33 

are noteworthy as marking the period during which a great 
impulse was given to fraternity journalism by the publication 
of magazines by many of the men's orders. The sororities 
were quick to see the advantages that such issues had and the 
next decade saw five in the field, — "The Golden Key" of Kap- 
pa Kappa Gamma in 1882, "The Anchora" of Delta Gam- 
ma in 1884, "The Arrow' ' of Pi Beta Phi, "The Kappa Alpha 
Theta" in 1885 and "The Alpha Phi Quarterly" in 1888. 
Delta Delta Delta followed with "The Trident" in 1891, Al- 
pha Chi Omega with ' ' The Lyre ' ' in 1894 and Chi Omega with 
"The Bleusis" in 1899. The last ten years have brought out 
"The Crescent" of Gamma Phi Beta, "The Alpha Xi Delta", 
"Themis of Zeta Tau Alpha", "The Angelos" of Kappa 
Delta, "The Triangle" of Sigma Sigma Sigma, "To Dragma" 
of Alpha Omicron Pi, "Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book", "The 
Beta Sigma Omicron", "The Aegis" of Alpha Sigma Alpha, 
"The Triangle of Sigma Kappa", "The Adelphean" of Alpha 
Delta Phi, "The Parchment" of Sigma Iota Chi, "The A- 
glaia" of Phi Mu, "The Adamas" of Eta Upsilon Gamma, 
"The Argaliad" of Phi Mu Gamma, "The Lamp" of Delta 
Zeta and "The Hour-Glass" of Pi Delta Kappa. One of the 
most significant movements of the last few years has been the 
organized effort, on the part of fraternities and sororities, to 
provide for the endowment of the magazine. 

Catalogues or directories, have always been found very 
useful and have been issued with more or less frequency by 
all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the names 
and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find them well 
supplied with valuable historical data, the location and time 



34 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

of founding of each active and alumnae chapter, lists of pres- 
ent and past grand officers, chapter officers and statistical re- 
ports. The older and larger sororities find it a somewhat diffi- 
cult task to compile their directories, and five, Pi Beta Phi, 
Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta 
and Phi Mu have established card catalogues. The cards are 
sent out periodically with the request that the members return 
them to the cataloguer after answering the printed questions. 
It is possible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of 
accurate information, much of which is of permanent value. 

Song books have been published by all the large sororities 
and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with bright 
music and spirited poems, many of which possess distinct 
literary merit. 

All the sororities of prominence have established archives 
and the majority of them have an officer whose duty it is to 
collect and arrange historical data. Whenever historical mat- 
ter has been given to the public it has usually appeared in 
some issue of the magazine, which is known henceforth as The 
Historical Number. Kappa Kappa Gamma issued a small 
pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its members and for distribu- 
tion among its friends. The history of Delta Delta Delta, 
brought out in 1907, was the first and remained the only elabo- 
rate attempt in book form until 1909, when Chi Omega 
brought out a very attractive manual. 

None of the sororities have authorized official calendars, 
but a number of chapters and individuals have published 
very attractive issues that in addition to serving as appropri- 
ate souvenirs have possessed considerable historical and lit- 
erary value. 






The Evolution of the Sorority System. 35 

Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and 
Eituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one 
who is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. 
It is not unusual, however, for members of different sororities, 
especially when friends or relatives, to discuss the common 
problems that confront the different organizations. In this 
way it is possible for those who are deeply interested in the 
advancement of the sorority idea to secure a very fair know- 
ledge of the policies and regulations of the various organiza- 
tions as laid down in the different constitutions. 

Convention Reports are not guarded with any great care 
and on many occasions very important decisions have been 
made public through discussions in the magazines. From the 
historical numbers one may glean information concerning the 
successive steps in all the great movements and changes of 
policies. The older and larger a sorority becomes, the more 
likely it is to discuss freely and publish widely much of what it 
actually has done, what it is doing and what it expects to do. 
The system of exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly 
in Boston in 1891, practised occasionally before that time by 
broadminded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the 
present day, has done much to develop a marked similarity in 
general policies. 

Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by 
many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount 
of routine correspondence is appalling where any attempt is 
made to secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of chap- 
ters. Secret issues afford great relief to overworked officials, 
place matter demanding immediate attention before all the 



36 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

chapters at the same time and create a reference library that 
is of incalculable benefit to the chapters themselves. To Chi 
Omega belongs the honor of issuing the first secret sorority- 
magazine. Its Mystagogue appeared in 1905. Delta Delta 
Delta was a close second with its quarterly Triton in 1906 
and elaborated the idea still further by starting a secret an- 
nual, called The Trireme, in 1908. Phi Mu Gamma brought 
out its Phimugaliad in 1911. The advantages of such an 
organ, issued at definite and stated times, over the occasional 
bulletin are too manifest to require a mention. 

Alumnae Associations. 

The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with 
the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial asso- 
ciations for them is one of the more recent ideas that make 
for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given by a 
strong body of alumnae in addition to the financial backing 
afforded will more than repay any society for the labor ex- 
pended in looking out for the interests of the ex-collegio mem- 
bers. Strange to say, these numerous advantages were not 
recognized by the oldest sororities very early in their careers. 

Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing alumnae asso- 
ciations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed until 
1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privileges of 
active chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 the Alumnae 
Association was organized under a constitution of its own 
and had the right to hold conventions at the same time and 
place as the active chapters. In 1901 a marked change in 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 37 

policy was made and the entire work along this line was given 
over to the Grand Vice-President. Alumnae clubs may send 
representatives to the convention if they choose and these 
delegates have a voice but no vote. The Alumnae Association 
as a whole has one delegate and when possible she is the 
Alumnae Editor of "The Arrow.' ' 

Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea imme- 
diately, probably because conditions were not favorable to its 
dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, exchanges un- 
known. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by the establish- 
ment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it has never per- 
mitted any association to exist that is not the direct out- 
growth of an active chapter. Each is given representation 
in the national convention. 

Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at its 
very inception for the organization of Alliances as it terms 
its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special 
constitution for them and a special ritual, called The Circle 
Degree, by taking which graduates become eligible to member- 
ship in an Alliance. The first was formed in August, 1892. 
For a number of years only graduates were permitted to take 
the higher degree, but the convention of 1900 modified this 
policy somewhat, so that it is now possible occasionally for an 
ex-member to become associated with an Alliance. Provision 
is made at the national convention for an Alliance session and 
for representation in the undergraduate section as well. The 
Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer who has 
charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. The Con- 
vention of 1910 arranged for the formation of alumnae clubs, 



38 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

these same to be without voting privileges or other benefits 
of the regular Alliances. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirability 
of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated the mat- 
ter vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received no en- 
couragement from the active membership. A group of Chica- 
go alumnae, who were in charge of the sorority's exhibit for 
the "World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 1892 for a 
charter. After prolonged and heated discussion the vote was 
finally carried, but as the alumnae found the requirements of 
a chapter burdensome they returned their charter in 1896. 
A few other associations and clubs were organized after this, 
but it was not until the Convention of 1902 that this sorority 
as a whole recognized the need or importance of providing 
for its alumnae. At that time the work was put into the 
hands of the officers' deputies and the growth has been phe- 
nomenal. At the Convention of 1906 a national organization 
of the alumnae association was affected under the control of 
three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and 
treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations 
at convention for the transaction of business of special interest 
to alumnae. 

Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae in 
December, 1892, and has always given the associations all the 
privileges of the active chapters. 

Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for alumnae 
associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but in that year 
it organized the Alpha Alumnae at Greencastle, Ind. The 
associations are named alphabetically in order of founding re- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 39 

gardless of location, so, except in the case of the first, the 
names of the associations are different from the active chap- 
ters with which they are allied, a method that seems a trifle 
confusing when it is customary to name the groups from the 
cities in which they are located or from the chapters with 
which they are affiliated. 

Delta Gamma granted its first charter to alumnae in 1895 
and until 1903 this was the only alumnae chapter. The so- 
rority has made provision for two kinds of groups, alumnae 
chapters and alumnae associations, the former possessing a 
charter, paying dues and having a vote in convention. 

Chi Omega established its first alumnae chapter in 1900. 
It gives a vote to every alumna attending convention. Char- 
ters are granted to alumnae chapters on practically the same 
conditions as those to college petitioners and examinations 
are required of them as of the active chapters. 

Chapter Houses. 

The chapter house movement among sororities is a rather 
recent one, and has come about quite naturally, because at 
many colleges the houses of the men's fraternities are a con- 
spicuous feature of the student life. Many faculties have fos- 
tered the development of the fraternity house idea because it 
relieved them of the necessity of providing accommodations 
for a large number of students, and, to a certain extent, of the 
supervision of the inmates, but not all have been ready to 
accord the same privileges to the sorority girls, and dormitory 
life or residence with relatives is still insisted upon at certain 



40 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

universities. The city university, drawing its material largely 
from the immediate environs, offers but little or no oppor- 
tunity for the sorority house, though it is not unusual for 
chapters at such colleges to have suits of rooms which provide 
ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or 
study, passing the night after some college function, or offer- 
ing informal entertainment to members or friends. 

Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1886 when it erected a 
chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were 
quick to see the advantages of such a course and many now 
have homes which they own wholly or in part. 

Pan-Hellenism. 

The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time when 
the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma se- 
cured permission from the convention assembled at Blooming- 
ton, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other sororities to meet 
in convention at Boston. The proposed work, as set forth in 
"The Key", was to be that of recommendation only, the re- 
ports to be adopted or rejected as each sorority should decide. 
An attempt, however, was to be made, "To secure (1) unifor- 
mity of inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) cooperation in purchas- 
ing fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased 
security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan for 
the World's Fair, (4) uniformity in the dates of the frater- 
nity publications, (5) inter-chapter cooperation and eti- 
quette". 

A careful reading of the report of that first inter-sorority 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 41 

convention, which is given verbatim in practically all sorority 
magazines of that time, will show how earnest and enthusiastic 
were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how much might have 
been accomplished had the work continued without inter- 
ruption. The probable reason for the failure of a movement so 
auspiciously begun may be found in the fact that there was no 
city at which representatives from all the sororities could meet 
conveniently. Though the value of the work accomplished 
appealed to all, the expense incidental to providing entertain- 
ment for the official delegates during such a session probably 
deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. 

The Congress of Fraternities. 

Beginning in the spring of 1892, representatives appointed 
by all the sororities and by many of the fraternities held 
monthly meetings in Chicago for the purpose of securing space 
and arranging a fraternity exhibit at the World's Columbian 
Exposition of 1893. All the sororities were heartily in favor 
of the idea, but as only half of the fraternities took any active 
interest in the matter, the unique and interesting plan of the 
Pan-Hellenic Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity 
congress was substituted with one half day given to the fra- 
ternities, another half day to the Greek Press and a third half 
day to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves 
were most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were 
present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent 
value was accomplished, though for some months afterwards 
the different magazines gave considerable space to the dis- 



42 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

cussion of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The time, how- 
ever, was not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter 
languished after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. 

The Inter-Sorority Conferences. 

It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, '95- 
'97, Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900- '02, that the inspira- 
tion came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing with the 
problem of rushing. As a result of her correspondence with 
the presidents of six other leading sororities, it was learned 
that the grand presidents of Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta 
Delta Delta had been conferring upon this very subject and 
that the Chicago Alumnae of Kappa Alpha Theta had placed 
a petition before the Grand Council asking that the sororities 
be invited to consider some means of reform in rushing. 
With such a general sentiment in favor of correcting evils 
and securing hearty cooperation along various lines of en- 
deavor, Mrs. Whitney was encouraged to call the first Inter- 
Sorority Conference, which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, 
and which was the beginning of annual meetings presided 
over by each sorority in turn in the order of founding. 

The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of delegates 
from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gam- 
ma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta and Delta 
Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future operations 
by submitting a set of motions of which it approved to the 
different sororities represented in the Conference. Although 
the meeting did not result in any inter-sorority compact, since 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 43 

all the sororities were not unanimously in favor of the recom- 
mendations submitted, yet much advance was made in pro- 
viding for annual conferences. 

The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega and 
Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hellenic 
Associations at every college where two or more national so- 
rorities existed and urged sorority girls to take an active part 
in such college organizations as were intended for the good 
of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the sororities, 
two were unanimously accepted during the succeeding year 
and so the first definite gain was made in an agreement not to 
pledge prior to matriculation. 

The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta, decided 
upon the order of rotation in office, and voted to admit Sigma 
Kappa upon her acceptance of conference rulings. It also 
defined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the so- 
rorities to insist that these organizations should not merely 
promote good feeling and social intercourse, but that they 
should make earnest efforts to improve standards and remove 
evils. The conference also took up the problem of social ser- 
vice, recommended the establishment of women's leagues, made 
preparations to form a Bureau of Comparative Legislation 
and raised the question of the advisability of asking that 
Deans of Women be appointed in all coeducational colleges. 

The Conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi and 
defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, 
all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition to the great 
advance made by the conference in adopting tentatively a 
constitution and thus determining its own powers, it provided 






44 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

for the drafting of a model constitution for women's leagues. 

The Conference of 1906 remodelled the constitution of 
1905, which had failed to pass two Grand Presidents. It 
showed renewed interest and activity in furthering the social 
service work and a desire to cooperate with Deans of Women in 
the amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in 
the panhellenic work of the colleges, a model constitution for 
Panhellenics was approved and ordered printed for distribu- 
tion and arrangements made to intensify the interest through 
the efforts of the visiting delegates. High school sororities 
were condemned and the conference put itself on record as 
proposing to use all its influence to have them discountenanced. 
An investigation of the laws of each state concerning the 
making and wearing of badges by unauthorized persons was 
instituted. 

The Conference of 1907 reported marked progress along 
the line of social service and in the work of the local Pan- 
hellenics, laid special stress upon the need of securing the co- 
operation of alumnae and put itself on record as favoring a 
late pledge day, preferably in the sophomore year. 

The Conference of 1908 again made an urgent plea for the 
sophomore pledge day and for definite scholarship attainment 
as a qualification for sorority membership. It suggested the 
organization of resident alumnae in the case of every college 
and changed the Conference name to that of National Pan- 
Hellenic Conference. By unanimous vote of the sorority 
grand presidents during the year following Zeta Tau Alpha 
and Alpha Gamma Delta were admitted to the Conference. 

The Conference of 1909 provided for the annual appoint- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 45 

ment of a committee on extension, to which should be referred 
all petitions for admission. It also arranged through com- 
mittees for reports on college facilities for student social af- 
fairs and on scholarship standards in the Conference so- 
rorities. The Conference deplored its lack of legislative power 
and the delay and inconvenience to all concerned caused by the 
necessity for referring back to the sororities even insignificant 
details. Upon recommendation of the Extension Committee 
and by vote of the grand presidents Alpha Delta Phi and 
Delta Zeta were admitted. During the ensuing summer at 
the conventions of Alpha Chi Omega and Delta Delta Delta, 
the desire for greater Conference efficiency was crystallized 
in the vote to give the Conference delegates legislative power. 

The Conference of 1910 voted to request the sororities to 
vest in their delegates such limited legislative power as the 
Conference may deem necessary to make its action effective. 
The Committee on extension was given authority to define 
and enforce the standard for admission. The Conference 
recommended that every effort be made to encourage scholar- 
ship among sorority women, that the sponsor system be in- 
augurated in all chapters, that chaperons be salaried and that 
they be given unlimited authority to enforce rules for the 
common good. 

There is practically no limit to the valuable results that 
may be attained through these annual conferences. The 
regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the 
highest importance in its salutary effect upon general sorority 
standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may be 
done. To understand something of the possibilities of the 



46 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

National Pan-Hellenic Conference, one need only realize that 
the ex-collegio members of the sororities number 35,000 and 
that the Conference literature reaches at least one-third of 
these through the various sorority magazines. The active mem- 
bership of 6,000 is even more vitally effected and each Fall 
2,500 new initiates are brought into touch with every movement 
that receives the sanction of the Conference. Except to a very 
limited degree, the college woman has been unable to have any 
marked influence upon the college after graduation. Dur- 
ing her student days she has been obliged to follow the lines 
laid down for her brother, and if life's experience has shown 
her that college courses should be adapted more peculiarly 
to her own needs, she has had little or no opportunity to say 
so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed except to a very few, 
have had little weight. The Association of Collegiate Alum- 
nae, to be sure, has determined certain important facts relative 
to the higher education of women, but its work has been 
hampered by the small, restricted, scattered membership. It 
lacks, moreover, the vivifying touch that comes only from 
actual cooperation with the undergraduate body of college 
girls. The National Pan-Hellenic Conference is the only or- 
ganization that can bridge the chasm between college theories 
and life's realities. Thus far it has confined most of its efforts 
to improving social conditions. The larger opportunity of 
making the college course a more vital force in the lives of col- 
lege women is still before it. 



The Mission of the Sorority. 47 



CHAPTER III. 

The Mission of the Sorority. 

To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a 
factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary to under- 
stand what combination of circumstances called it into being, 
what it has to its credit in the line of accomplishment, and 
what it is doing at the present time to warrant its continuance. 
Begun as an experiment at Elmira more than half a century 
ago, and copied at Wellelsey and Smith shortly after these 
institutions were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at the in- 
dependent colleges for women seems to have been established 
with the full sanction of the faculty, in the hope that it might 
serve to unite in a common interest the most prominent mem- 
bers of the student body. In the days when the elective system 
was unknown, the lines of demarcation between the different 
classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions were 
not always conducive to the development of a proper college 
spirit. By forming a nucleus around which should cluster 
some of the most precious associations of college life, the ad- 
ministration hoped to foster a strong esprit de corps. Except 
to a very few of the students this raison d'etre would scarcely 
appeal. To the majority of women in college thirty years 
ago, when so much stress was laid upon Latin, Greek and 
Mathematics, the societies, by copying the methods of the 



48 The Mission of the Sorority. 

popular lyceum, offered a much-prized opportunity for the 
study of the masterpieces of modern literature and for the 
discussion of questions of permanent or passing interest. 
Since the development of a strong college spirit was the de- 
sideratum in the formation of the societies, the originators 
gave little heed to the possibilities that these organizations 
afforded for the cementing of college friendships. It is rare 
indeed to find among their members the close bond of sym- 
pathy so characteristic of the national sororities, in spite of 
the fact that the two are practically alike as far as secrecy 
is concerned. 

In those colleges, however, where the administration had 
decided upon coeducation, and where the men students were 
often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, the 
Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when founded at 
faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the nature of a 
protective league through which the members endeavored by 
united action to secure recognition for themselves as a vital 
part of college life. Misunderstood in the classroom, shut out 
from participation in the literary and debating societies or- 
ganized by the men, unrecognized in the social life that crys- 
tallized around the fraternities, the few who were courageous 
enough to brave outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in 
need of the moral support that the sorority could give. From 
the close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial 
sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a potent 
factor during the college course and which, at the same time, 
should lay the foundation for life-long friendships. 

Just how much the sorority did for the first generation 



The Mission of the Sorority. 49 

of college girls in making their position secure and in demon- 
strating their right to educational privileges equal to those 
enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found in records, 
but there can be no doubt that the Greek-Letter Society 
rendered valuable service to the cause of higher education by 
encouraging members to complete their college course and by 
influencing them to interest other girls in what was for years 
an experiment, nay more, an experiment that met with slight 
favor and scanty support from the general public. That the 
sorority did cement friendships there is ample evidence to 
prove, for the earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled 
with the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the 
enrichment of their lives through the wealth of sympathetic 
interest such friendships had bestowed. Only those who have 
been blessed with true friendships can understand how very 
barren and spiritless life would be without the stimulus and 
zest they give. To be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, 
makes possible the practically impossible, renders the joy of 
success more keen, the sting of sorrow less poignant. 

It was not, however, in these two important particulars 
alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar 
and efficient service. If there was any element of danger in 
the higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the 
fact that the pioneers were inclined to take themselves and 
their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective under 
the influence of unusual conditions. From the peril of such 
erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the impress 
of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl was rescued by 
her sorority. As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. 



50 The Mission of the Sorority. 

Within the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal 
conditions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on 
parade. She could be what she really was, an essentially 
feminine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be 
sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted upon 
regarding her. The simple wholesome social life that the 
sorority made a possibility was conducive to naturalness, 
feminine charm and womanly dignity. For the first genera- 
tion of college girls the sorority was primarily a humanizing 
agency. 

Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the so- 
rority as a protective league is long since past, its importance 
as a prominent factor in the college life of today is even great- 
er than ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hundreds where 
once it touched a score. Indispensable as it still is in fostering 
friendships during the years when a college girl is peculiarly 
in need of the close companionship of those who will treat 
her with a mixture of charity and frank criticism, there are yet 
other important services that the sorority renders its mem- 
bers. In these days when it is no unusual thing for the girl 
to go to college, the young matriculate is in no immediate 
danger of considering herself a rara avis or of developing 
eccentricities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it 
will certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, 
of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced views. 
Rather will she be lost in the crowd. Today in the great 
throngs attending our popular colleges, amid the complexity 
of academic life, there can not be the opportunity for the 
development of individuality, so marked a feature of the 



The Mission of the Sorority. 51 

earlier period when the personal relation between faculty and 
students was noticeably strong. Personality is a tremendous 
force in the development of personality, but modern exigencies 
and modern methods have built up barriers between professor 
and student. Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher 
education of women has in a measure been satisfactorily 
solved, the modern educator is no longer so interested in the 
annual solution as it applies to individual cases. 

There is, without doubt, another reason why the college 
has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, 
to do more to develop that very essential quality known as the 
creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individual, 
not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, betokens 
the master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors to make 
the individual conform to a definite standard, tends to stifle 
originality, to put a check upon independent thought. Up to 
a certain point this is a very wise arrangement, for too much 
liberty will result in license. In the case of the elementary 
education which trains the masses and prepares primarily 
for apprenticeship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to 
demand subjection to law, to insist upon the closest attention 
to detail, for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's suc- 
cess in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the case 
of the secondary education, however, which trains the classes 
and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, sufficient 
latitude should be allowed for the expression of individual 
taste and talent. In the case of the college education, which 
trains only the elect and which should prepare preeminently 
for leadership, the dominant thought should be the develop- 



52 The Mission op the Sorority. 

ment of individuality. The college in preparing its student 
for intellectual and spiritual leadership must furnish a broad, 
a liberal education, and must train specifically the intellect, 
the heart, the will, the taste, the conscience. All this the col- 
lege does, but more is needed. Abstract studies, invaluable 
as they are for mental training, lead to theorizing. Theory 
is not practice. In great as in small things man learns by 
doing. If a man is to be a great leader, he must lead first 
in small ventures, then in sizable undertakings, finally in great 
enterprises. He must serve his apprenticeship. 

In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
great student leagues of our famous universities, there is op- 
portunity for only a very few to rise above their college mates. 
The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. To 
follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here that 
the sorority is in a position to supplement the work of the 
college in its endeavors to prepare for leadership by presenting 
opportunities for apprenticeship such as the college of itself 
is unable to give save in limited degree. To understand the 
peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work it is necessary to 
consider the essential qualities of a leader. Whether leader- 
ship is to be in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime 
essentials are the same. Most important of all is self-con- 
fidence. This fundamental requisite of success in any under- 
taking must not be confounded with that most undesirable 
attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity. Rather is 
it the self-knowledge which lies at the foundation of self- 
respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm, enthusiasm to 
inspire. Self-confidence begets courage, courage to dare. 



The Mission of the Sorority. 53 

Self-confidence begets strength, strength to fulfill. Without 
an enthusiastic interest in the thing to be accomplished, with- 
out the courage resulting from a consciousness of power, with- 
out an abiding faith in the ability to carry any undertaking 
to completion, leadership is impossible. By taking its mem- 
bers out of the crowd and making each a distinct unit in a 
small group, the sorority is able to foster individuality. By 
providing every initiate with innumerable opportunities for 
all sorts of service and for all kinds of experience, first in the 
simple work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the 
national organization, the sorority is particularly well-quali- 
fied to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self-con- 
fidence. 

According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only 
requisite for leadership, but he who would be master over 
others must first be master over himself. Self-control is like- 
wise indispensable. Self-control implies perfect insight, the 
ability to see the end from the beginning. Self control implies 
perfect adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control implies 
perfect obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence alone may 
of itself secure leadership but it will be the leadership of the 
demagogue. "Without the penetration that insures a grasp 
of the situation, without the disposition to recognize the rights 
of others, without the desire to obey the dictates of conscience, 
there can be no useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever 
before its members a very definite aim, by demanding of each 
individual a due consideration for the rights of every other, 
not only of her own chapter but of the entire organization, by 
expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the sorority 



54 The Mission op the Sorority. 

exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues well for the 
growth of self-control. 

Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self-con- 
fidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings material 
rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. Leadership that 
has both self-confidence and self-control as basic principles 
will be lasting, will win rewards, will be productive of honor. 
Such leadership means worldly success and meets with popular 
approval. To understand, however, whether such is the high- 
est form of leadership, we need only to turn to the life of the 
great Examplar. He is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As 
the Son of God He was conscious of His power. The miracles 
He performed testify to His confidence in Himself. Though 
all power was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He 
exercise self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. 
Yet this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily for 
the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self-control. 
Christ's message to the world was the beauty of service, the 
sacredness of leadership. There were many tones in that 
harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. Self- 
sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice 
recognizes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes the 
need for sympathy. By insisting that every privilege brings 
with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging always the 
great importance of patience in dealing with the problems 
in one's own life or that of any other, by making love the 
mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order under- 
takes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in teach- 
ing the beauty of self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell 



The Mission of the Sorority. 55 

of this great power must be magnetic. Self-confidence, then, 
is creative, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. 
Leadership that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to 
bring success with honor and peace. 

Such is the education that the college is pledged to give, but 
the college has its limitations. By emphasizing and developing 
these requisites for leadership, by providing innumerable op- 
portunities for the practical application of the same, the so- 
rority is supplementing the work of the college and rendering 
a special service to society. In thus enhancing the value 
of academic training, the sorority makes the college a much 
more vital force in the life of the student than it could other- 
wise be. The fine college spirit that is an outgrowth of this 
increased interest leads the sorority girl to advocate college 
residence. This, though in no sense a definite aim that the 
sorority has placed before itself, means much for the cause 
of higher education. The benefit that comes to the college 
from an increased matriculation, from a student body fired 
with the torch of ideality, from a roll of alumnae whose names 
are synonymous with honorable accomplishment is, in no 
small part, a result of the existence of the sorority. 

Although the work done in preparation for leadership is 
perhaps the most important within the scope of the sorority, 
it is far from being the only benefit that the members receive. 
Very valuable, indeed, is the business training that comes 
during association with the chapter in undergraduate days or 
from service in the national organization after the college 
course is ended. Some college women have a natural aptitude 
for business, some, especially those who work their way 



56 The Mission of the Sorority. 

through, understand the value of a dollar, but the average col- 
lege girl, whose every bill is paid by an indulgent father, whose 
every whim is gratified by an adoring mother, has very hazy 
ideas on the subject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a 
teacher, will very likely expect to have her income supple- 
mented by generous checks from home, while, if she should 
preside over a home of her own, she will expect, from past ex- 
perience, to find credit unlimited. No woman who may be 
thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may not ? 
— should enter upon the third decade of her life without a 
pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of transacting 
business. Yet, how very few women ever do acquire this 
knowledge. To have a stated chapter income, to decide just 
how it must be apportioned for rent and taxes, for furnishing 
or repairs, for food, heat, light and entertainment, is always 
valuable experience. To place mortgages, to negotiate loans, 
to understand building laws, to handle and invest large sums 
of money such as the national sororities annually receive, is 
as important a training for a woman as for a man. If wage- 
earner or inheritrix she will have money to invest. As wife 
and mother she will handle funds in trust. 

Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its mem- 
bers because of their affiliation with a large organization is the 
chance it gives them through correspondence, fraternity publi- 
cations and conventions to get a wide outlook over the entire 
field of collegiate education. Though one of a group small 
enough to admit of the growth of the individual, each is also 
one of a mighty throng capable of accomplishing much through 
concerted action. Provincialism is thus made impossible even 



The Mission of the Sorority. 57 

in the small college. The inspiration that has come to many 
a small college to broaden its student life has been the direct 
result of the contact of its undergraduates with those of some 
large university. The awakening of many a large university 
to the need of deepening its student life has come through the 
magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by those of 
some small college. The important part that the sorority is 
playing in developing a national type of cultured womanhood 
is another phase of the work it is doing for society and one for 
which it takes little credit to itself. A cultured woman is 
always an honor to the land of her birth, but a cultured woman 
with lofty ideals and noble principles is a lustrous jewel in the 
nation's crown. Such a one is the sorority girl. The badge 
she wears upon her breast is a constant reminder to her that 
she has pledged both heart and hand to honor and truth, that 
she has set her face to the light, never to turn back. 

Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are 
prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the 
ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an 
undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have us believe, 
the clique, as established by the sorority, is a most salutary 
arrangement for grouping college girls into congenial coteries. 
Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are dangerous. 
A woman should have large ideals and generous sympathies, 
but she should concentrate her affections upon a few. Her 
friendships should be not numerous and shallow, but limited 
and deep. The harmony resulting from the union of a few 
with common interests bears rich fruit later when college wo- 
men in any locality unite for effective work along any line. 



58 The Mission of the Sorority. 

The sorority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty- 
aims, for conservation of force. 

Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and making 
her a permanent member of a small group, the sorority is 
rendering her an inestimable service. It is providing her 
during her college course with family affiliations and with the 
essential elements of a home, — sympathetic interest, wise 
supervision, disinterested advice. Incidentally society itself is 
benefited. The corner stone of the social structure is the 
family, and it is not altogether wise that college girls, or col- 
legs boys for that matter, should cut loose from youth's an- 
chorage and drift far from home moorings during four long 
years. There is a danger, and a very grave danger, that four 
years ' residence in a dormitory will tend to destroy right ideals 
of home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the free- 
dom that comes from community living. It is in recognition of 
this fact that some of the large colleges for women have adopt- 
ed as far as possible the cottage system of housing students. 
Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture, we cannot 
get too much of unless while acquiring it we are weaned from 
home and friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If there is 
a tendency of modern times more to be deplored than any 
other, it is the disposition on the part of the younger genera- 
tion to shirk the duties and responsibilities of home life. 
Dangerous as this tendency is, it will be doubly so, if college 
graduates are to be inoculated with the virus. To them as its 
most finished product society looks for leadership. Yet an 
exceedingly large number of students, while in pursuit of the 
very culture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest 



The Mission of the Sorority. 59 

home, are forced to forego the influences that experience has 
proved most potent in the right adjustment of social con- 
ditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for the 
mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. 
Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of life 
and thought, perilous any that would substitute new ideas for 
old ideals. The sorority through the chapter house empha- 
sizes the advantage of home life over dormitory residence. 
Through the chapter organization it keeps ever before its 
members the imperative need of living together in harmony, 
of assuming and sharing responsibilities, of so ordering one's 
life that every act shall reflect only honor. The chapter, like 
the family, is a corporation, which, though closely associated 
or affiliated with many others, has still within itself a very 
distinct and separate existence. The individual members of 
both are united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely 
and their position in society depends upon the individual part 
that each member plays. Both lay many responsibilities upon 
their members, but every responsibility has its attendant 
privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned after the 
other that it is not difficult to see that the sorority chapter 
is an expression of the college girl's belief in the beauty and 
power of the home. The transition from dormitory residence 
to home life must always be a critical time for any girl. Here- 
in lies the reason for much of the restlessness on the part of 
those who have dwelt in dormitories at boarding school or 
college. The new ideas do not adjust themselves to old ideals. 
It is like patching homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The 
sorority, by demanding the same virtues as the family, makes 



60 The Mission of the Sorority. 

the break between home and college and later between college 
and home almost imperceptible. New ideals may be made to 
take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones may be 
substituted for paste in some rare old setting, or as an artist 
may renew the colors in some old masterpiece. Any organiza- 
tion that fosters love of home should be encouraged, for from 
the home as the central force in civilization must emanate all 
the influences that make for progress. 

Whatever the line of service to which she may consecrate 
herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. She cannot 
fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. She is, to be 
sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, her college and 
her sorority, but none of these will ever press for payment. 
They consider their investment safe as long as her name is 
a synonym for honor. As a college woman she will adjust her- 
self in time to any position in which she finds herself, but as 
a sorority girl she will adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, 
because in addition to the stores of knowledge acquired 
through years of study and always available for pleasure or 
profit, she will have gained through the discipline of the chap- 
ter both wisdom and understanding. If called to be the pre- 
siding genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a col- 
lege woman, to contribute of her wealth of intellect to all 
those agencies that are working for the betterment of social 
conditions, but since she is a sorority girl her appreciation 
of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her judg- 
ment concerning means and methods to be employed in deal- 
ing with human problems, saner and sounder. If not needed 
in the home the college woman will find ample opportunity 



The Mission of the Sorority. 61 

out in the world for the exercise of her various talents. Es- 
pecially will there be an urgent call for her to act as a guide, 
philosopher and friend of aspiring youth, but wiser will be 
her guidance, more practical her philosophy, more potent 
her friendship if she is a sorority girl, for through associa- 
tion with the different members of her chapter she has gained 
a knowledge of human nature such as can come only from 
being in intimate touch with many lives and many minds. 
To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college 
girls the sorority is essentially an individualizing and har- 
monizing agency. 

With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the past, 
with so much more to be done in the present, the sorority may 
look forward to the future with courage, confident that its 
existence in the college fills a want that can be met in no other 
or better way. Ever present is the freshman in need of kind- 
ly counsel, ever present the upper class woman in need of the 
humanizing and vitalizing touch the giving of disinterested 
advice can bestow. Ever present, as a result of the high pres- 
sure demands of scholastic work, is the need of a simple social 
life as a safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous 
distractions of university life, the need of a constant inspira- 
tion to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need of 
supplementing the college in its preparation for the serious 
work of life. 

The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what it 
tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members may be 
guilty occasionally of little indiscretions, but lapses of this 
kind will be fewer as the years go on, for the Visiting Delegate, 
by demanding excellence in classroom records, by insisting on 



62 The Mission of the Sorority. 

indications of a proper college spirit and a proper chapter 
pride, by expecting a fine regard for the best social observ- 
ances, by emphasizing the importance of simplicity, sincerity 
and sympathy on the part of the members in their relation 
to one another and to other college women, calls the chapter's 
attention to the high ideals that the order has placed before 
itself, and incidentally paves the way for the sorority as a 
whole to be highly respected by student body and faculty. 
The sorority, as was most natural under complex conditions, 
has given rise to some problems, but such as are at all serious 
will soon no longer exist, for the Panhellenic Conference has 
already demonstrated its ability to cope with them. The 
sorority in the past has been the cause of some needless anxiety 
on the part of faculties, but there will be little occasion 
for uneasiness or apprehension in the future, because faculties 
generally have awakened to a realization of the fact that the 
organization can be made a most invaluable assistant in all 
reforms, experiments, or enterprises that the administration 
may wish to undertake and which may depend for their ulti- 
mate success upon the hearty cooperation of the student body. 
The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, its 
present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving of 
a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter a college 
or university, because its advent means that a number of stu- 
dents have banded together and pledged themselves to work 
unfalteringly and unflaggingly for high ideals, for noble aims. 
The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast of each member 
is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual 
grace that has enthroned itself in the heart and will be con- 
tent with nothing short of the good, the true and the beautiful. 




» 
ft 



Literary Sororities. 63 



LITERARY SORORITIES. 
CLASS A. 

Alpha Chi Omega 

October 15, 1885. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Wm. B. Stevenson, 22 Princeton Ave, Allston, 

Mass. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Horace M. Kent, 508 W. 122d St., N. Y. C. 
Secretary, Helen M. Hardie, 911 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Alfred Mount, 24 Roycourt, Detroit. 
Inspector, Mrs. Ralph B. Dennis, 327 S. Duluth Ave., Sioux 

Falls, S. D. 
Historian, Mrs. Arthur Holmes, 581 Lancaster Ave., Syracuse. 
Editor, Florence A. Armstrong, 109 E. First Ave., Indianola, 

la. 

Chapter Roll. 

Albion, Allegheny, Baker, California, Colorado, DePauw* 
Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, New England Conser- 
vatory, Northwestern, Simpson, Southern California, Syra- 
cuse, "Washington State, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Chi Omega has 17 college chapters and 7 alumnae 

*Place where founded. 



64 Literary Sororities. 

associations. The total membership is 1700, the active mem- 
bership 350, the average initiation 150. The badge is a Greek 
lyre having three required jewels and having the sorority 
letters emblazoned in gold on a scroll of black enamel extend- 
ing across the twisted strings. The pledge pin is diamond- 
shaped, of scarlet and olive enamel, and displays a gold lyre. 
The flag is a rectangle of olive green with a scarlet chevron 
bearing three olive stars, below which is a scarlet lyre-bird 
crest, its torse and the stars fimbriated with white. 

Colors-Scarlet and Olive. Flower-Scarlet Carnation with 
Smilax. Tree-Holly. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Together let 
us seek the Heights. Insignia-Lyre, Three Stars, Sheaf of 
Wheat, Open Book, Lyre-Bird. Patron-Hera. Call-Hi ! Hi ! 
Hi ! Alpha Chi ! Chi-0 ! Alpha Chi Omega ! 

Magazine-T/ie Lyre-1894:. 

Next Convention-Madison, Wis., August, 1912. 

Alpha Delta Phi. 

May 15, 1851. 

Executive Council. 

President, Mrs. W. C. Coles, 21 Cleburne Ave., Atlanta, Ga. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Dallas Scarborough, Abilene, Texas. 
Secretary, Mrs. Truitt Martin, Shellman, Ga. 
Treasurer, Grace Troutman, 325 Lumkin St., Athens, Ga. 
Inspector, Gladys Tilley, Grove St., Montgomery, Ala. 
Historian, Newel Mason, 284 Orange St., Macon, Ga. 
Editor, Dorothy Richardson, Menasha, Wis. 



Literary Sororities. 65 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau, Florida, Iowa State College, Judson, Lawrence, New- 
comb, Randolph-Macon, Southwestern, Texas, Trinity, Wes- 
ley an College, Woman's College of Alabama. 

Alpha Delta Phi has 12 chapters and 13 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 3000, the active membership 
250, the average initiation 75. The badge is diamond-shaped, 
enameled in black and bearing two stars, clasped hands and 
the sorority letters. The flag is a rectangle of white sur- 
mounted by a diamond of light blue bearing tw r o stars and the 
sorority letters in white. 

Colors-Pale Blue and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto-We live for each other. Insignia-Clasped Hands, 
Stars. Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-T7ie Adelphean-1907 . 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1913. 

Alpha Gamma Delta. 

May 30, 1904. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Hugh Slocumb, Plainview, Minn. 

First Vice-President, Mrs. W. Frank Copeland, Sunny Side, 

Athens, Ohio. 
Second Vice-President, Marguerite Chase, 1539 17th Ave., 

Seattle. 
Secretary, Marabeth Hobbs, Minneapolis. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Jerome B. Rice, Jr., Cambridge, N. Y. 



66 Literary Sororities. 

Historian, Georgia A. Dickover, 18 W. Ross St., Wilkesbarre, 

Pa. 
Editor, Edith V. Sage, Pullman, Wash. 

Chapter Roll. 

DePauw, Goucher, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Syracuse, 
Washington State, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Gamma Delta as 9 chapters and 5 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 400, the active membership 
200, the average initiation 80. The badge is a monogram of 
the three letters. The flag is green and buff with the letters 
in red. 

Colors-Red, Buff and Green. Flower-Red and Buff Roses. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Shield, Helmet. 
Patron-None. Call-Secret. 

Magazine-JJp/m Gamma Delta-1909. 

Next Convention-Undecided, April, 1913. 

Alpha Kappa PsL 

March 1, 1900. 

Grand Council. 

President, Eleanor Thomas, St. Mary's, Raleigh, N. C. 

Vice-President, Mrs. Thomas I. Avery, Morganton, N. C. 

Secretary, Regina Rambo, Marietta, Ga. 

Treasurer, Louise Hill, Lexington, N. C. 

Historian, Jenny Trapier, 120 Sanders St., Raleigh, N. C. 



Literary Sororities. 67 

Chapter Roll. 

Carnegie Technical Institute, Fairmont School, Florida, Gun- 
ston Hall, St. Mary's School, Shorter, Stetson, Wesleyan Col- 
lege. 

Alpha Kappa Psi has 8 chapters and 11 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 300, the active membership 
100, the average initiation 60. The badge is an equilateral 
triangle of black enamel, bearing in the angles the Greek let- 
ters and in the centre several odd symbols. The pledge pin is 
a triangle of Roman gold with the letters embossed upon it. 

Colors-Sky Blue and Gold. Flower-Forget-me-not. Jewels- 
Turquoise and Pearl. Open Motto-Ever Upwards. Insignia- 
Skull and Cross-Bones. Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-T/ie Trigonon-1912. 
Next Convention-Jacksonville, Fla., June, 1912. 

Alpha Omicron Pi. 

January 2, 1897. 

Executive Committee. 

President, Mrs. Walter H. Farmer, 7 Courtland St., Nashua, 

N. H. 
Vice-President, Margaret Pyke, 205 Spring Ave., Greencastle, 

Ind. 
Secretary, Blanche Hooper, Tufts College, Mass. 
Treasurer, Lillian MacQuillan, 155 Angell St., Providence. 
Editor, Mrs. Ward B. Esterly, 2505 Parker St., Berkeley, Cal. 



68 Literary Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 

Barnard, California, Cornell, DePauw, Illinois, Maine, 
Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, Northwestern, Randolph-Ma- 
con, Stanford, Tennessee, Tufts. 

Alpha Oniicron Pi has 14 college chapters and 6 alnmnae 
associations. The total membership is 800, the active member- 
ship 300, the average initiation 100. The badge consists of the 
three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other in 
sequence with a ruby or garnet at the apex of the Alpha, 
though the rest of the pin may be jeweled in accordance with 
individual taste. The pledge pin is a sheaf of gold with the 
initial of the chapter engraved on the reverse side. The flag 
is a cardinal pennant with the Greek letters in white. 

Color-Cardinal. Flower-Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel-Ruby. 
Open Motto-None. Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-To Dragma-1905. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1912. 

Alpha Phi. 

October 20, 1872. 

General Board. 

President, Mrs. S. V. Balderston, 614 Clark St., Evanston, 111. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Perkins B. Bass, 1027 Grove St., Evan- 
ston, 111. 
Cor. Sec, Mrs. Allan Mills, Glencoe, 111. 
Rec Sec, Mrs. Thomas Howell, 1716 E. 55th St., Chicago. 
Treasurer, Mrs. T. C. Moulding, Wilmette, 111. 
Editor, Mrs. Evans Holbrook, Ann Arbor, Mich. 



Literary Sororities. 69 

Chapter Roll. 

Barnard, Boston, California, Cornell, DePauw, Goucher, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, 
Northwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Phi has 16 college chapters, and 9 alumnae chapters. 
The total membership is 2500, the active membership 350, the 
average initiation 100. The badge is a monogram. The 
pledge pin is an ivy leaf. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers-Lilies-of-the-Valley 
and Forget-me-nots. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Hand in 
Hand. Insignia-The Constellation of Ursa Major. Patron- 
None. Call-None. 

Magazine-T/ie Alpha Phi Quarterly -1888. 

Next Convention-Minneapolis, June, 1912. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

November 15, 1901. 

Grand Council. 
President,Elizabeth Alexander, Athens, Ga. 
Vice-President, Hattie Kelly, Newport News, Va. 
Sec.-Treas., Arney Robinson, 203 Merriam St., Asheville, 

N. C. 
Inspector, Nancy Clark, Brevard, N. C. 
Badge Custodian, Suzanne Bandell, Stevenson, Md. 
Editor, Mary C. Shuford, Hickory, N. C. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau College, Mt. Union, Randolph-Macon, St. Mary's 
School, Shorter, Virginia Normal. 



70 Literary Sororities. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha has 6 chapters and 1 alumnae associa- 
tion. The total membership is 700, the active membership 100, 
the average initiation 40. The badge is a shield with four con- 
cave sides, plain or jeweled, and bears the sorority letters, a 
crown and a star in gold on a field of black enamel. The 
pledge pin is similarly shaped, but enameled in crimson. The 
flag is a pennant of crimson and silver gray and carries as 
devices a star, a crown and a lion rampant. 

Colors-Crimson and Silver Gray. Flower-American Beau- 
ty Rose. Jewel-Ruby. Open Motto-To one another ever 
faithful. Insignia-Star and Crown. Patron- Athene. 

Magazine- TheAegis-1906. 

Next Convention-Norfolk, Va., June, 1912. 

Alpha Xi Delta. 

April 17, 1893. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Mary E. Kay, 75 S. Union Ave., Alliance, O. 
Vice-President, Gussanda Count way, 28 Robinson St., Somer- 

ville, Mass. 
Secretary, Lena G. Baldwin, 670 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Ellen Ball, 4754 14th Ave., N. E., Seattle. 
Editor, Mrs. Harold C. Haskell, 22 Garrison Road, Brookline, 

Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 

Bethany, California, Illinois, Iowa Wesleyan, Kentucky, Lom- 
bard, Minnesota, Mt. Union, Ohio, South Dakota, Syracuse, 



Literary Sororities. 71 

Tufts, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Witten- 
berg. 

Alpha Xi Delta has 16 college chapters and 5 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 1000, the active member- 
ship 350, the average initiation 150. The badge is a quill with 
the society's initials in raised and burnished gold on the feath- 
ers. The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel with the edge 
of bevelled gold, the Greek letters, Alpha Xi Delta, being 
in gold on the black background. The flag is a pennant of 
three horizontal bars, the top and bottom of dark blue, one 
bearing ten gold stars and the other a gold quill, the middle 
bar of light blue with the sorority letters in gold. 

Colors-Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower-Pink Rose. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Quill. Patron-None. 
Call-Secret. 

Magazine- Alpha Xi Delta-1903. 

Next Convention-Madison, October 26-28, 1911. 



Beta Sigma Omicron. 

December 12, 1888. 

Grand Council. 

President, Erna B. Watson, Hamilton College, Lexington, Ky. 
Vice-President, Christine Cole, Newman, Ga. 
Secretary, Bernice Stall, 11 B. Grace St., Richmond, Va. 
Treasurer, Ruth H. Myall, Liberty, Mo. 
Historian, Elizabeth Falter, Plattsmouth, Neb. 



72 Literary Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 

Belmont, Brenau, Centenary, Central, Christian, Crescent, 
Fairmont Seminary, Hardin, Liberty, Stephens, Synodical, 
Transylvania, Woman's College of Alabama. 

Beta Sigma Omieron has 13 chapters and 3 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 1000, the active membership 
200, the average initiation 100. The badge is a monogram of 
the sorority letters, the Beta inside the Omieron and the Sigma, 
jewelled, superimposed upon the Omieron. The pledge pin 
is a triangle of red enamel with a gold star in each corner and a 
Grecian lamp in the centre. The flag is composed of three 
horizontal bars, the centre one red and the two outside pink. 
The sorority letters are in red on the upper pink bar. On the 
lower pink bar are three stars in red. The official banner is 
triangular, broadly banded with red and with a pink centre 
The sorority letters are in pink and are placed in the corners. 
The date of founding, 1888, is in red in the centre of the pink 
field. 

Colors-Ruby and Pink. Flower-Red Carnation. Jewel- 
Ruby. Open Motto-We Live to do Good. Insignia-Stars, 
Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron-Hestia. Call-None. 

Magazine-T/ie Beta Sigma Omicron-1905. 

Next Convention- Atlanta, June, 1912. 

Chi Omega. 

April 5, 1895. 

Supreme Governing Council. 

S. H., Mrs. H. M. Collins, Loveland, Pa. 

S. T. B., Mrs. W. W. Hicks, Tecumseh, Mich. 



Literary Sororities. 73 

S. K. A., Jessie A. Parker, Olathe, Kans. 

S. N. V., Mrs. E. R. Shapard, Fort Smith, Ark. 

S. M., Martha M. Land, Lexington, Ky. 

Editor, Mrs. H. F. Bain, 667 Howard St., San Francisco. 

Chapter Roll. 

Arkansas, Barnard, California, Colby, Colorado, Dickinson, 
Florida, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Miss- 
issippi, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Oregon, Ran- 
dolph-Macon, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Tufts, Wash- 
ington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chi Omega has 24 college chapters and 22 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 2200, the active membership 
525, the average initiation 200. The badge is a monogram. 
The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and an owl engraved 
upon its sides, while the arch bears the letters Rho, Beta, Up- 
silon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is oblong, rounded at each 
end, enamelled in black, with the letters Chi Omega in gold. 
The flag has five vertical bars, three of cardinal and two of 
straw color, broadly banded across the top with a bar of car- 
dinal bearing a white carnation of five petals, each with five 
points. 

Colors-Cardinal and Straw. Flower- White Carnation. 
Jewels-Pearls and Diamonds. Declaration-Hellenic Culture 
and Christian Ideals. Insignia-Skull, Cross- bones, Owl, Five, 
Laurel. Patron-Demeter. Call-Mellomen Peirasthai, Hamil- 
lasthai, Mepot ' Apothaneisthai, Chi, Chi Omega, Chi ! 

Magazme-Eleusis-1899. 

Secret Publicatioii-Mystagogiie-1905. 

Next Convention-Detroit, June, 1912. 



74 Literary Sororities. 

Delta Delta Delta. 

Thanksgiving Eve, 1888. 

National Council. 

President Mrs. E. N. Parmelee, 7318 North Ashland Blvd., 
Chicago. 

Vice-Presidents, Edith Kinney, 1206 Union St., Schenectady, 
N. Y., Edith Johnson, Kokomo, Ind., Harriet Stanley, 957 
Gilman St., Wichita, Kans., Lena T. Willey, 623 Porter 
St., Helena, Ark., Margaret Gothlin, Deer Lodge, Mont., 
Alice Porterfield, 2326 "Warring St., Berkeley, Cal. 

Secretary, Mary B. Latta, 20 Latta Ave., Ludlow, Ky. 

Treasurer, Bertha DuTeil, 2005 South St., Lincoln, Neb. 

Marshal, Mrs. E. L. Hulett, Canton, N. Y. 

Historian, Mrs. F. E. Priddy, Adrian, Mich. 

Alliance Officer, Eva Jones, North Ave., Burlington, Vt. 

Editor, R. Louise Fitch, Galva, 111. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi, Adrian, Baker, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Cali- 
fornia, Cincinnati, Colby, Colorado, DePauw, Goucher, Iowa, 
Knox, Miami, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Randolph-Ma- 
con, Simpson, Southwestern, St. Lawrence, Stanford, Syracuse, 
Transylvania, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington State, Wes- 
leyan, Wisconsin. 

Delta Delta Delta has 35 chapters and 33 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 3000, the active membership 
750, the average initiation 350. The badge is a crescent in- 



Literary Sororities. 75 

closing three stars and bearing three Deltas. The pledge pin 
is a trident. Members admitted to the alliances wear an equi- 
lateral triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides three 
Deltas of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surrounded by 
six spherical triangles in blue enamel. The flag is rectangular 
in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, the first and 
third sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in white and the other 
three stars in white, the middle bar white with a green pine 
tree upon it. 

Colors-Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower-Pansy. Tree-Pine. 
Jewel-Pearl. Open Motto-Let Us Steadfastly Love One An- 
other. Insignia-Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. 
Patron-Poseidon. Call-Alala! Alala! Alala! Ta Hiera 
Poseidonia ! 

Magazine-T/ie Trident -1891. 

Secret Quarterly-! 7 /^ Triton-1906. 

Secret Annual-T/ie Trireme-1908. 

Next Convention-Columbus, 0., June, 1912. 

Delta Gamma. 

January 2, 1874. 

Grand Council. 

President, Ada M. Brown, Rhinelander, Wis. 
Vice-President, Mary Eosemond, State Library, Des Moines, 

la. 
Secretary, Agnes Burton, 27 Brainard St., Detroit. 
Treasurer, Marguerite B. Lake, Forest Hill, Md. 
Editor, Ethel M. Tukey, 3126 Chicago St., Omaha, Neb. 



76 Literary Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi, Albion, Buchtel, California, Colorado, Cornell, 
Goucher, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, 
Stanford, Syracuse, Washington State, Wisconsin. 

Delta Gamma has 22 college chapters, 8 alumnae chapters 
and 9 alumnae associations. The total membership is 3000, 
the active membership 400, the average initiation 160. The 
badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield of 
white enamel with the sorority letters in gold. On the stock, 
also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, Delta, and 
Eta in gold. The pledge pin is a shield of white enamel 
similar to the one on the badge with the Greek letters Pi 
Alpha in gold. 

Colors-Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower-Cream-colored 
Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-None. Pa- 
tron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-T/te Anchora-1884:. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1913. 

Delta Zeta. 

October 24, 1902. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. O. H. Hayes, 2 The Richelieu, Indianapolis. 
Vice-President, Katharine Goodwin, Bloomington, Ind. 
Secretary, Martha Railsback, 1624 N. Illinois Ave., Indian- 
apolis. 
Treasurer, Bernice Bassett, Evansville, Ind. 
Editor, Ruth Gaddis, South Charleston, O. 



Literary Sororities. 77 

Chapter Roll. 
Baker, Cornell, DePauw, Indiana, Miami, Nebraska, Ohio 
State. 

Delta Zeta has 7 chapters and 1 alumnae association. The 
total membership is 400, the active membership 150, the 
average initiation 75. The badge is a Roman lamp, flanked with 
Mercury wings and supported by the cap of an Ionic column. 
The sorority letters appear in black enamel on the bowl of 
the lamp, the official jeweling being a diamond in the flame 
of the lamp and four pearls at the base of the cap. The 
pledge pin is diamond-shaped and is inlaid with a gold lamp. 

Colors-Old Rose and Nile Green. Flower-Killarney Rose. 
Jewel-Diamond. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Lamp, Bible, 
Scroll, Distaff, Bodkin. 

Magazine-T/ie Lamp-1909. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1912. 

Gamma Phi Beta. 

November 11, 1874. 

Executive Board. 
President, Mabel B. Stone, 410 University Ave., Syracuse. 
Secretary, Elizabeth Putnam, 86 Lafayette Park, Lynn, Mass. 
Treasurer, Mrs. 0. Y. Harsen, 53 Arthur St., Yonkers, N. Y. 

# * # 
Editor, Lindsey Barbee, 1575 Lafayette St., Denver. 

Chapter Roll. 
Barnard, Boston, California, Denver, Groueher, Idaho, Mich- 
igan, Minnesota, Northwestern, Oregon, Stanford, Syracuse, 
Washington State, Wisconsin. 



78 Literary Sororities. 

Gamma Phi Beta has 14 college chapters and 8 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 1800, the active mem- 
bership 300, the average initiation 125. The badge is a mono- 
gram of the three sorority letters, inclosed within a crescent 
of black enamel bearing in characters of gold the Hebrew for 
"Four". The pledge pin is a crescent-shaped stick pin of 
brown enamel. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Brown. Flower-Carnation. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-Founded On a Rock. Insignia-Crescent. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-T/ie Crescent-1901. 

Next Convention-Boston, November, 1911. 

Kappa Alpha Theta. 

January 27, 1870. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mabel Hale, 694 Madison Ave., N. Y. C. 
Vice-President, Eva R. Hall, 327 W. Sycamore St. Sycamore, 

111. 
Secretary, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Y. B. Huffman, Clifton, Colo. 
Editor, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi, Allegheny, Barnard, Brown, Butler, California, Cor- 
nell, DePauw, Goucher, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, North- 
western, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Stanford, Swarth- 



Literary Sororities. 79 

more, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Wash- 
ington State, Washington, Wisconsin, Wooster. 

Kappa Alpha Theta has 33 college chapters and 23 alum- 
nae associations. The total membership is 4800, the active 
membership 750, the average initiation 250. The badge is a 
shield, the outer edge gold, the inner portion, which is slighly 
raised, of black enamel. In the middle on a band of white are 
the society's initials in gold. Above are two stars set with 
diamonds and below in Greek the date of founding. The pledge 
pin is a small diamond shield used as a stick pin and divided 
diagonally into two triangles, one of gold, the other of black 
enamel. The flag is the coat-of-arms on a gold field with bands 
of black to right and left. 

Colors-Black and Gold. Flower-Black and Gold Pansy. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Stars, Eagle's 
Head, Three Links, Ermine. Patron-None. Call-C. G. G. E. 
flat. 

Magazine-Kappa Alpha Theta-1885. 

Next Convention-New York, July, 1913. 

Kappa Delta. 

October 27, 1897. 

National Council. 

Mrs. E. A. Bronson, 800 Simpson St., Evanston, 111. 
Mary S. Thomas, 1731 College St., Columbia, S. C. 
Jenn W. Coltrane, 84 N. Union St., Concord, N. C. 
Edith O. Knox, 804 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. 



80 Literary Sororities. 

Mabel Hurt, 85 Elizabeth St., Atlanta. 
Anna C. Paxton, 133 Cherry St., Richmond, Va. 

# # # 

Editor, Anna Buxton, Winston-Salem, N. C. 

Chapter Roll. 

Alabama, Coe, Fairmont Seminary, Florida, Gunston Semi- 
nary, Hollins, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Judson, 
Kentucky, Louisiana, Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, St. 
Mary's School, Virginia Normal. 

Kappa Delta has 15 chapters, and 8 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 900, the active membership 250, the 
average initiation 100. The diamond-shaped badge displays 
a dagger, the sorority's initials and the letters A. O. T. in 
gold on a background of black enamel. The pledge pin is an 
open equilateral triangle of gold superimposed upon a dagger, 
straight lines connecting the centre of the base with the centre 
of each side. The flag is a thrice barred and dentated pen- 
nant, the olive bar bearing a white rose, the white a dagger 
and stars of gold. 

Colors-Olive Green and Pearl White. Flower- White 
Kaiserin Rose. Jewel-Pearl. Open Motto-We Strive For 
That Which Is Noble. Insignia-Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton 
Dagger, Snake, Ermine, Cross, Lamp, Stars. Patron-None. 
Call-None. 

Magazine- Angelos-1904:. 

Next Convention-Richmond, Va., April, 1912. 



Literary Sororities. 81 

Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

October 13, 1870. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. A. H. Roth, 262 W. 10th St., Erie, Pa. 
Secretary, Eva Powell, 921 Myrtle St., Oakland, Cal. 
Treasurer, Mrs. P. R. Kolbe, 108 S. Union St., Akron, 0. 
Registrar, Margaret H. Bailey, 92 Fourth Ave., N. Y. C. 
Editor, Mrs. Ralph T. C. Jackson, 58 Bedford St., Fall River, 
Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 
Adelphi, Adrian, Allegheny, Barnard, Boston, Buchtel, But- 
ler, California, Colorado, Cornell, DePauw, Hillsdale, Illinois, 
Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Mich- 
igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Newcomb, 
Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Stanford, Swarth- 
more, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Washington State, West 
Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma has 36 college chapters and 32 
alumnae associations. The total membership is 5500, the 
active membership about 700, the average initiation 250. 
The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials and the date 
of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a Delta of dark or 
light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light or dark enamel. 
The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Blue. Flower-Fleur de Lis. Jewel- 
Sapphire. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Owl. Patron- Athena. 
Call-Hai Korai Athenes. 

Magazine-T/ie Key-1882. 

Next Convention-Undecided, August, 1912. 



82 Literary Sororities. 

Phi Mu. 

January 4, 1852. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Louese Monning, 1001 Polk St., Amarillo, Texas. 
Vice-Presidents, Zenobia "Wooten, 6027 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, 

Mrs. James E. Hays, Montezuma, Ga. 
Secretary, Martha Plant, College St., Macon, Ga. 
Treasurer, Nellie S. Hart, 3706 Prytania St., New Orleans. 
Historian, Elizabeth Hines, 862 Peachtree St., Atlanta. 
Registrar, Martha L. Lewis, 619 Vineville Ave., Macon, Ga. 
Editor, Helen Hinton, Dowling Park, Fla. 

Chapter Roll. 

Belmont, Brenau, Hollins, Newcomb, New Mexico, Randolph- 
Macon, Shorter, Southwestern, Tennessee, Wesleyan College. 

Phi Mu has 10 chapters and 10 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 2800, the active membership 200, the 
average initiation 100. The badge is an oddly shaped shield 
of black enamel displaying in the centre a hand holding a 
heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorority's letters 
and below another bearing three stars. The pledge pin is of 
black enamel and bears a gold Phi. The flag is of rose and 
white bordered with rose, the former field bearing three white 
stars and the latter the sorority name in rose. 

Colors-Old Rose and "White. Flower-Pink Carnation. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-Les Soeurs Fideles. Insignia- 
Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions. 

Magazine-T/i6 Aglaia-1907. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1912. 



Literary Sororities. 83 

Phi Mu Gamma. 

October 17, 1898. 

Grand Council. 

President, Annette B. Tiller, 29 W. North Ave., Atlanta, 
Secretary,Gene S. Palmer, 103 W. 86th St., N. Y. C. 
Treasurer, Pauline Lawton, Hartsville, S. C. 
Historian, Phoebe Hunter, Mont Clare, Pa. 
Editor, Annelu Burns, 915 Church St., Selma, Ala. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau, Centenary, Emerson College of Oratory, Hollins, 
Judson, Miss Graham's School, Newcomb, New England Con- 
servatory, Shorter, The Veltin School, Woman's College of 
Alabama. 

Phi Mu Gamma has 11 chapters and 10 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 700, the active membership 
200, the average initiation 100. The badge consists of three 
graduated shields superimposed one above the other. The 
largest is of gold and is set with pearls and turquoise. Upon 
this rests a shield of black enamel and upon the latter another 
of gold, bearing the Greek letters of the society's name in black 
enamel. The pledge pin is a small shield of black enamel bear- 
ing a gold crescent. The flag is black with a crescent and the 
sorority letters in turquoise blue. 

Colors-Black and Turquois Blue. Flowers-Pink Rose and 
Forget-me-not. Jewels-Pearl and Turquoise. Open Motto- 
Know Thyself. Insignia-Crescent, Torch, XXVIII, A, K, 
Shield. 



84 Literary Sororities. 

Magazine-T/ie Argaliad-VdlQ. 

Secret Publication-Tfte PMmugaUan-l§ll. 

Next Convention-New Orleans, December, 1912. 

Pi Beta Phi. 

April 28, 1867. 

Grand Council. 

President, May L. Keller, 1822 Linden Ave., Baltimore. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Charles F. Branson, 91 W. Greenwood 

Ave., Lansdowne, Pa. 
Secretary, Julia E. Rogers, 2338 Loring Place, N. Y. C. 
Treasurer, Celeste Janvier, 1445 Webster St., New Orleans. 
Editor, Mrs. Lewis E. Theiss, 230 W. 111th St., N. Y. C. 

Chapter Roll. 

Arkansas, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, 
Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Franklin, George Washington, 
Goucher, Hillsdale, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State Col- 
lege, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Knox, Lombard, Michigan, 
Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, North- 
western, Ohio State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Simpson, Stanford, 
Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Vermont, Washington 
State, Washington, Wisconsin, Wooster, Wyoming. 

Pi Beta Phi has 43 college chapters and 43 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 6400, the active membership 
1000, the average initiation 300. The badge is an arrow about 
an inch in length, bearing the sorority letters upon the feath- 
ers. The pledge pin is an arrow head in burnished gold bear- 



Literary Sororities. 85 

ing the Greek letter Beta. The flag is an indented pennant 
of wine red surmounted by a triangle of silver blue, the latter 
field bearing a monogram of the letters I and C surrounded 
by a halo and a monogram of the letters Pi Beta Phi. Its 
lowest point is apparently pierced by a gold arrow which over- 
laps the lateral sections of wine-red. 

Colors-Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower-Dark Red 
Carnation. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia- Arrow. 
Patron-None. Call-Ring Ching Ching! Ho Hippi Hi! Ra 
Ro Arrow ! Pi Beta Phi ! 

Magazine-T/te Arrow-1885. 

Next Convention-Evanston, 111., June, 1912. 

Pi Delta Kappa. 

October 1, 1907. 

Grand Council. 

President, Claire McKinstry, West State St., Athens, 0. 

Vice-President, Esther Washburn, Oxford, 0. 

Secretary, Mildred Francis, North Congress St., Athens, 0. 

•jF "Sp * 

Editor, Fredia Finsterwald, East State St., Athens, 0. 

Chapter Roll. 

Cincinnati, Miami, Ohio. 

Pi Delta Kappa has three college chapters and no alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 200, the active member- 
ship 75, the average initiation 20. The badge is a gold owl 



86 Literary Sororities. 

with emerald eyes, wearing a mortar board on the band of 
which are the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a gold mortar 
board with a band of azure blue. 

Colors-Old Gold and Seal Brown. Flower-Pink Rose. 
Jewel-Emerald. Open Motto-None Progredi est Regredi. 

Magazine-T/ie Hour Glass-1911. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1912. 

Sigma Kappa. 

November, 1874. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. George 0. Smith, 2137 Bancroft Place, Wash- 
ington. 

Vice-President, Hila H. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, 
Mass. 

Secretary, Mrs. M. D. Linger, 710 Jersey St., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Treasurer, Mrs. W. W. Haviland, The Knoll, Lansdowne, Pa. 

# # # 

Editor, Helen M. Gilmore, 684 Western Ave., West Lynn, 
Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 

Boston, Brown, California, Colby, Denver, George Washing- 
ton, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Middlebury, Syracuse, Wash- 
ington State. 

Sigma Kappa has 11 college chapters and 7 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 900, the active member- 
ship 200, the average initiation 75. The badge is an equi- 



Literary Sororities. 87 

lateral triangle, supporting a raised triangle of maroon enamel 
with the sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is a mono- 
gram of the letters. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Maroon and Lavender. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto-One Heart, One Way. Insignia-Dove and Ser- 
pent. Patron-None. 

Magazine-$i(7ma Kappa Triangle-1907. 

Next Convention-Undecided, July, 1912. 

Zeta Tau Alpha. 

October 25, 1898. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Dr. May A. Hopkins, New England Hospital for 
Women and Children, Boston. 

Vice-President, Grace F. Jordan, Fayetteville, Ark. 

Secretary, Mrs. J. L. Bugg, Farmville, Va. 

Treasurer, Mary L. Patrick, Marion, Ala. 

Historian, Mrs. W. E. Davis, Jellico, Tenn. 

Alumnae Officer, Ethel Cruse, Beaumont, Tex. 

Extension Officer, Helen E. Baker, Woman's College, Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Editor, Margaret P. Levy, 2403 Whitis Ave., Austin, Tex. 

Chapter Roll. 

Alabama, Arkansas, Bethany, Brenau, Drury, Judson College, 
Randolph-Macon, Southern California, Southwestern, Tenn- 
essee, Texas, Wesleyan College. 

Zeta Tau Alpha has 12 college chapters and 7 alumnae 



88 Literary Sororities. 

associations. The total membership is 800, the active member- 
ship 200, the average initiation 75. The badge, an artistically 
shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre, flanked by the let- 
ters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. The pledge 
pin is a carpenter's square w r ith turquoise jeweling. The 
sorority flag is a rectangle of turquoise blue bearing in Greek 
lettering the word Themis, which is flanked by triangular 
fields of steel gray carrying as devices an A and a flaming 
torch in turquoise blue. 

Colors-Turquoise and Gray. Flower- White Violet. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-Seek the Noblest. Insignia-Eye, Crown, 
Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive 
Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Taper. Patron-Themis. Call- 
None. 

Maga.zme-Themis-1903. 

Next Convention-Old Point Comfort, August, 1912. 

CLASS B. 

Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

November, 1901. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Mrs. Earl Brown, Emmetsburg, la. 
Vice-President and Editor, Mrs. Roy H. Dyer, Marshall, Mo. 
Secretary, Coila Von Trout Myers, 3102 Park Ave., Kansas 

City, Mo. 
Treasurer, Florence Bloebaum, St. Charles, Mo. 
Organizer, Helen Cook, Liberty, Mo. 



Literary Sororities. 89 

Chapter Roll. 

Boscobel, Brenau, Central, Christian, Colorado Woman 's, For- 
est Park, Hardin, Judson, Liberty, Lindenwood. 

Eta Upsilon Gamma has 10 chapters, and 2 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 600, the active membership 
160, the average initiation 80. The badge is diamond-shaped, 
the central portion being of black enamel and bearing the 
sorority's letters, clasped hands, a skull and cross-bones. The 
pledge pin is clasped hands of gold. The flag is of green with 
gold lettering. 

Colors-Green and Gold. Flower-Red Carnation. Jewels- 
Diamond and Pearl. Open Motto-Be Strong in the Truth. 
Insignia-Hands, Skull, Cross-Bones, Diamond, Lamp, Triangle, 
Unicorn. 

Magazine-27ie Adarnas-1909. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1912. 

Sigma Iota Chi. 

December, 1903. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Mary C. Gibson, 316 29th Ave., N., Nashville. 
Vice-President, Louise Glover, Vincennes, Ind. 
Secretary, Miriam Patterson, 411 S. 38th St., Omaha. 
Treasurer, Lois Dale, Texarkana, Ark. 

# # # 

Editor, Judith Gragsby, 104 21st Ave. S., Nashville. 



90 Literary Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 

Belmont, Brenau, Crescent, Hagerman, Cincinnati Conser- 
vatory, Lindenwood, Shorter, Stephens, Ward Seminary. 

Sigma Iota Chi has 9 chapters, and 2 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 400, the active membership 150, the 
average initiation 75. The badge is a gold shield bearing a 
skull and cross-bones in black enamel and a white scroll dis- 
playing the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a square of 
purple enamel with the letters in gold. There is no official 
flag. • ! 1 

Colors-Purple and Gold. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto-Deus, Libertas, Lex. Insignia-Eagle, Arm, Star. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-T/ie Parchment-1907. 

Next Convention-Undecided, November, 1911. 

Theta Chi. 

September 25, 1893. 

Grand Council. 

President, Elizabeth Gallaher, Charleston, W. Va. 
Secretary, Margaret Worthington, 1816 H St., Washington. 

Chapter Roll. 

Central and East H. S. (Minneapolis), Gunston Seminary, 
Hamilton School, Lexington (Mo.) H. S., Pittsburg (Kans.,) 
H. S. 



Literary Sororities. 91 

Theta Chi has 6 chapters and 2 alumnae asociations. The 
total membership is 400, the active membership 100, the aver- 
age initiation 40. The badge is a Theta of pearls on a Chi set 
with rubies. The pledge pin is a small monogram of rose gold. 

Colors-Red and "White. Flower-American Beauty Rose. 
Jewels-Pearl and Ruby. 



92 Medical Sororities. 



MEDICAL SORORITIES. 

The medical sororities are not numerous, for the number 
of women students enrolled in the medical schools is still com- 
paratively small. Opportunities for professional training 
along this special line are not lacking, as many be seen by a 
glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this head, but it is 
the liberal education that seems to appeal to the majority of 
girls who continue their studies beyond the secondary school. 

The first medical sorority was Alpha Epsilon Iota, founded 
in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and at present 
has only one, Zeta Phi. 

Alpha Epsilon Iota. 

February 26, 1890. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Dr. Ruth V. Snow, 92 E. Madison St., Chicago. 
Secretary, Dr. Mary G. Haskins, 270 Woodward Ave., Detroit. 
Treasurer, Ruth Risdon, 2611 Durant Ave., Berkeley, Cal. 

Chapter Roll. 

California*, Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Syracuse, Women's Medical College of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

*Los Angeles and San Francisco Medical Departments. 



Medical Sororities. 93 

The total membership is 600, the active membership 100, 
the average initiation 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of 
black enamel with the letters of the society's name in the 
three lowest angles. Above is a serpent's head. 

Colors-Black, White and Green. Flower-White Carnation. 
Next Convention-Ann Arbor, November 24-25, 1911. 

Zeta Phi. 

May 29, 1900. 

General Officers. 

President, Dr. Angeline Martine, Utica, N. Y. 
Secretary, Dr. Lois Gannett, Adams, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Dr. Jean Wilson, Toronto. 

Chapter Roll. 

Johns Hopkins, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Women's Medical 
College of Pennsylvania. 

The total membership is 100, the active membership 25, 
the average initiation 10. The badge is a quartrefoil of black 
enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod in white and 
serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi appear to left and 
right of the caduceus. 

Colors-Black, White and Gold. Flower-Daisy. 

Next Convention-Boston, October, 1911. 



94 Musical Sororities. 



MUSICAL SORORITIES. 

The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded at 
DePauw University in 1885 under the special patronage of 
Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean Howe 
believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these organiza- 
tions that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establishment of a sec- 
ond similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. Alpha Chi Omega 
has always been most progressive and has grown rapidly. In 
1903 it made a striking change in its policy, for instead of con- 
fining itself strictly to schools of music affiliated with univer- 
sities, it admitted such students from the liberal arts depart- 
ments as were taking courses in music. The Convention of 
1908 went further and ruled that chapters might permit fifty 
per cent of their membership to be drawn from the liberal 
arts department with no music. By becoming Musical-Liter- 
ary, as it is now called, it competes with the academic sororities 
and in consequence has been admitted to the National Pan- 
Hellenic Conference. 

Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, establish- 
ing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its badge was a 
harp with three strings across which ran a ribbon of black 
enamel bearing the sorority's initials in gold. Its colors were 
lavender and white, its flower the white rose. In 1906 it 
affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, which was founded in 1903 at 
the Metropolitan College of Music located at Cincinnati by 



Musical Sororities. 95 

Dean W. S. Sterling, Elizabeth Mathias of the faculty and 
Calvin Vos, lawyer and member of Sinfonia and Phi Delta 
Theta fraternities. 

The musical sorority always labors under the disadvantage 
of drawing its material from a department where the average 
student remains only two years. Its influence, however, is 
very potent in holding its members to high standards of work 
along their chosen line. 

Mu Phi Epsilon. 

November 13, 1903. 
Supreme Council. 

President, Alice Bradford, 578 Grand Ave., Cincinnati. 
Vice-President, Helen McMurray, Indianapolis. 
Secretary, Eunice S. Parker, 405 University PL, Syracuse. 
Treasurer, Grace Covey, Ithaca, N. Y. 
Historian, Augusta Gentoch, Boston. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau, Chicago Conservatory, Detroit Conservatory, Ithaca 
Conservatory, Kansas, Metropolitan Colleges of Music (Cin- 
cinnati and Indianapolis), Michigan, New England Con- 
servatory, Oregon, St. Louis Conservatory, Syracuse, Toledo 
Conservatory. 

Mu Phi Epsilon has 13 chapter and 7 alumnae clubs. 
The total membership is 700, the active membership 350, the 
average initiation 150. The badge consists of a jeweled 
triangle bearing the Greek Letters and supporting another 



96 Musical Sororities. 

of black enamel ornamented with a lyre in gold. The pledge 
pin is a silver triangle bearing a raised lyre. 

Colors-Royal Purple and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel- 
Amethyst. Open Motto-Seeketh Not Her Own. Insignia- 
Lyre and Triangle. Patron-None. 

Magazine-Mw Phi Epsilon Year Book-1905. 

Next Convention-Syracuse, May, 1912. 

Sigma Alpha Iota. 

June 12, 1903. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Mrs. Wm. A. Spitzley, Bellevue Apts., Detroit. 
Secretary, Mrs. B. S. Shewill, 34 Charlotte Ave., Detroit. 

Chapter Roll. 

American Conservatory (Chicago), Detroit Conservatory, 
Ithaca Conservatory, Michigan, Northwestern. 

Sigma Alpha Iota has 5 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 250, the active membership 
100, the average initiation 30. The badge consists of seven 
gold Pan pipes surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing the 
sorority's initials in gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is 
the Pan pipes alone. The flag is crimson with white letters. 

Colors-Crimson and White. Flower-Crimson Rose. Jewel- 
Pearl. Open Motto-Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Insignia-Pan 
Pipes, Ellipse. Patron-None. 

Magazine-Pan Pipes-1910. 

Next Convention-Ann Arbor, June, 1912. 



Normal Sororities. 97 



NORMAL SORORITIES. 

The normal sorority is the most recent development of the 
fraternity idea. Local normal societies may be found in 
many places and in New York State there are several organ- 
izations with fanciful names, such as Agonian, Arethusa, 
Clionian, that have been in existence for a number of years 
and have from time to time chartered locals in neighboring 
normal schools. There is, however, but slight cohesion be- 
tween the chapters and no central governing body. It re- 
mained for Sigma Sigma Sigma to launch the idea of a 
professional normal sorority and to establish a Greek-letter 
society that should be to the state normal school what the well- 
known sororities are to the state university. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma was founded at the Virginia State 
Normal School in 1898 and remained a local until 1903, when 
it secured a state charter and began establishing chapters. 
Within six years charters were granted to Lewisburg Semi- 
nary (1903), Randolph-Macon Woman's College (1904), Pea- 
body Teachers College, Hollins Institute, Searcy Institute 
and Southwestern University (1905), Frederick Woman's 
College (1906), Union University (1909). Owing to anti- 
sorority regulations the Frederick and Searcy chapters became 
inactive in 1907 and that at Lewisburg in 1908. 

Within the next few years the sorority found numerous 
opportunities to charter petitioning locals in state normal 



98 Normal Sororities. 

schools, and as this field promised a splendid development 
the Convention of 1911 voted to make a radical change in 
policy. The college chapters were in consequence released 
from their allegiance. Those at Randolph-Macon and South- 
western went into Delta Delta Delta. The chapters at Hollins 
and Union will remain with Tri Sigma until suitable arrange- 
ments can be made for them. Normal Chapters were placed 
at Buffalo, Miami, Ohio and Philadelphia in 1911. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma. 

April 20, 1898. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Bess B. Brower, Gainesville, Va. 

Vice-President, Mabel L. Walton, Woodstock, Va. 

Rec Sec, Mrs. R. H. Brown, McKinney, Tex. 

Cor. Sec, Marguerite Geer, Greenville, S. C. 

Treasurer, Carrie K. Mason, Mattoax, Va. 

Editor, Lucy L. Downey, 1327 S. 20th St., Birmingham, Ala. 

Chapter Roll. 

Buffalo, Hollins, Miami, Ohio, Peabody, Philadelphia, Union, 
Virginia. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma has 8 chapters and 4 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 600, the active membership 
150, the average initiation 50. The badge is an equilateral 
triangle with indented sides, the raised inner portion of black 
enamel having a Sigma in each corner and a skull and cross- 



Normal Sororities. 99 

bones in the centre. The pledge pin is an indented triangle 
superimposed upon a circle. The sorority flag is of purple 
crossed diagonally with a white band bearing the sorority 
letters in white, the purple fields displaying a triangle and 
a circle in white. 

Colors-Purple and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto-Faithful unto Death. Insignia-Skull. Cross-Bones, 
Triangle, Circle. Patron-None. 

Magazine-T/ie Triangle-1905. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1912. 



100 Necrology of Chapters. 



NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS. 

Alpha Chi Omega-Bucknell University, 1898-99. 

Alpha Delta Phi-Salem College, 1905-09 ; Mary Baldwin Sem- 
inary, 1906-08; Alabama, 1907-08. 

Alpha Kappa Psi- Virginia Female Institute, 1904-09. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha-Lewisburg Institute, 1904-07; Mary 
Baldwin Seminary, 1905-08 ; Fauquier Institute, 1905-06 ; 
Fairmont Seminary, 1906-08; Columbia College (S. C), 
1904-10; Ward Seminary, 1907-10. 

Beta Sigma Omicron-Missouri Valley College, 1892-93; Se- 
dalia, Mo., High School, 1898-1906; Pueblo, Colo., High 
School, 1902-06; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1903-08; 
Potter College, 1906-09. 

Chi Omega- Jessamine Female Institute, 1898-02; Hellmuth 
Woman's College 1899-1900; Belmont College, 1899-1903; 
Union University, 1903-11. 

Delta Delta Delta-University of Michigan, 1894-1900. 

Delta Gamma- Warren Female Institute*, 1874-89; Water 
Valley Seminary, 1877-80; Fairmont College, 1877-80; 
Bolivar College, 1878-81; Franklin College, 1878-83; 
Hanover College, 1881-87; Synodical College, 1882-85; 
Mt. Union College, 1882-1909 ; St. Lawrence University, 
1884-87 ; Adelbert College, 1883-88 ; University of South- 
ern California, 1887-97. 

*Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford Female Institute, and located at 
Oxford, Miss. 



Necrology op Chapters. 101 

Kappa Delta-Chatham Episcopal Institute, 1902-04 ; Sub-rosa, 
1902-04, Columbia College, 1905-10; Caldwell College, 
1907-08. 

Eta Upsilon Gamma-Potter College, 1907-09. 

Kappa Alpha Theta-Moore's Hill College, 1871-74; Illinois 
"Wesleyan University, 1875-95; Ohio University, 1876-86; 
Simpson College, 1879-91; Ohio Wesleyan University, 
1881-81 ; Hanover College, 1882-99 ; Wesleyan University, 
1883-87 ; University of Southern California, 1887-95 ; Al- 
bion College, 1887-1908 ; University of the Pacific, 1889- 
90. 

Kappa Kappa Qamma-M onmouth College, 1870-84; St. Mary's 
School (Knoxville, 111.), 1871-74; Smithson College, 1872- 
75 ; Rockford Seminary, 1874-76 ; Franklin College, 1879- 
84 ; Simpson College, 1880-90 ; Ohio Wesleyan University, 
1880-84; St. Lawrence University, 1881-98; Lassell Sem- 
inary, 1881-82; University of Cincinnati, 1885-85. 

Mu Phi Epsilon-DePauw, 1905-09. 

Phi Mu-Salem College, 1904-09; St. Mary's School, 1906-10; 
Chevy Chase School, 1907-10 ;Hardin College, 1907-11. 

Phi Mu Gamma-The Ely School, 1902-06; Louisiana State 
University, 1908-10; Potter College, 1908-09. 

Pi Beta Fhi-Monmouth College, 1867-84 ; DePauw University, 
1868-68; South Iowa Normal School, 1881-87; Carthage 
College, 1882-88; York College, 1884-88; Callanan Col- 
lege, 1886-89 ; Hastings College, 1887-87. 

Sigma Iota Chi- Alexandria, La.,* 1903-06 ; Winchester Normal 
College, 1904-07 ; Hannah Moore Academy, 1906-08 ; Na- 

*Sigma Iota Chi was founded by graduates of two sister schools, located in 
Alexandria, St. James and St. Xavier. The society had no constitution until 1906, 
when the Belmont chapter, founded in 1905, became incorporated under the laws 
of Tennessee. 



102 Necrology of Chapters. 

tional Cathedral School, 1907-08; Potter College, 1907- 
09; Virginia College, 1907-10; Gunston Seminary, 1908- 
10. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma-Lewisburg Seminary, 1903-08 ; Randolph- 
Macon Woman's College*, 1904-11 ; Searcy Institute, 1905- 
07, Southwestern University*, 1905-11, Frederick Wo- 
man 'sCollege, 1906-07. 

Theta Cbi-Converse College, 1893-1900; Chevy Chase School, 
1908-10. 

Zeta Tau Alpha-Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906 ; Hannah 
Moore Academy, 1900-04 ; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 
06; Richmond College, 1905-08. 

*Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta when Sigma Sigma Sigma became a normal 
sorority. 



Honorary Societies. 103 



HONORARY SOCIETIES. 

Honorary Greek-Letter societies grow more numerous with 
the years, as specialization leads most naturally to differentia- 
tion in degrees and as university authorities endeavor to find 
some way of adding distinction to the student who has done 
work of unusual excellence. At present women are eligible 
to membership in four, — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kap- 
pa Phi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was origin- 
ally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like those 
of the present time, but owing to force of circumstances its 
secrets became known and the society gradually assumed a 
new character. The three others, all founded within the last 
quarter century, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa 
with such changes as special needs demanded. 

Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as represented 
by the humanities, Sigma Xi seeks to exalt scientific studies 
to a place of honor among the humanities, while Phi Kappa 
Phi aims to recognize high rank in any department of col- 
legiate education. Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. 
Its object is high scholarship, honorably acquired and honest- 
ly employed. 

Phi Beta Kappa. 

Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the Col- 
lege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on December 



104 Honorary Societies. 

5, 1776. Its avowed purpose was "A happy spirit and resolu- 
tion of attaining the important ends of society". With this 
aim in view much attention was given to essays and debates 
with an occasional banquet as an outlet for the youthful spirits 
of the members. The society was essentially secret, had a 
most binding oath of fidelity and a peculiar token of saluta- 
tion. The original records give no clue to the source from 
which came the inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter 
Society, but the philosophical clubs then so common among the 
students at French and German universities may have led the 
founders to establish an organization that should stand for 
good fellowship. Then, too, the stirring times in which they 
lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patriots, the very 
Declaration of Independence itself, doubtless suggested the 
value of a united brotherhood. 

Early provisions were made for placing branches elsewhere, 
for the organizers believed it was "Repugnant to the liberal 
principles of Societies that they should be confined to any 
particular place, Men or Description of Men, but that they 
should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree 
and of whatever country". There are records to show that 
the Beta, Gamma and Delta charters were granted, but none 
to indicate that such chapters ever existed. The War of the 
Revolution may have put an end to them as it did to the 
parent chapter. On January 3, 1781, the British fleet ap- 
peared off the coast and three days later the last meeting was 
held. It is interesting to learn from history that nearly one- 
third of the fifty members enlisted in the Continental Army, 
that seventeen served in the state legislature, that eight were 



Honorary Societies. 105 

members of the convention which ratified the Federal Consti- 
tution, that two became United States Senators and five Rep- 
resentatives, that many of the others were famous men in their 
day. 

No attempt was made to revive the chapter at "William and 
Mary until 1849, but the reorganized society had existed for 
scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War broke out. 
Another attempt was made in 1895, and the mother chapter 
is now in a vigorous condition and likely to remain so for many 
a year. The suspension of meetings in 1781 would in all 
probability have rung the death-knell of this most interesting 
organization had it not been for the fact that a Northern man, 
Elisha Parmele, Harvard, '79, went to Williamsburg for post- 
graduate work. Such an idea seems strange today, but in 
Colonial times William and Mary was the richest as well as 
the most thoroughly English of the colleges. Its Chancel- 
lors were the Bishops of London, its presidents their repre- 
sentatives. As the most prosperous college in the colonies it 
doubtless offered unusual opportunities along some lines. 
Mr. Parmele was initiated on July 31, 1779, and being strongly 
impressed with the possibilities for future growth, he asked 
for permission to establish branches at Harvard and Yale. 
The charters were called the Alpha of Massachusetts Bay and 
the Alpha of Connecticut. Eight years later these two chap- 
ters granted a charter to Dartmouth and for thirty years these 
colleges constituted the roll. 

When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was arous- 
ing all New England in 1831, John Quincy Adams, Judge 
Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Harvard 



106 Honorary Societies. 

chapter to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to 
the Yale chapter to secure acquiescence. The records say 
that, "He touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard 
had such conscientious scruples as to keep them from taking 
the oath of secrecy and the society life was thus endangered. 
There was stout opposition, but the notion prevailed and the 
missionary returned to gladden the tender conscience of the 
Harvard boys." 

The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 1817 
gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, because 
it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 1825. The 
newer organizations with their charm of secrecy appealed 
strongly to the undergraduates, and little by little, as greater 
emphasis was laid upon scholastic records and honor men 
alone were elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa, it tran- 
spired that the mother of fraternities lost many of its original 
characteristics and came to stand, as it does today, for a 
brotherhood of scholars. "For nearly half a century, " 
wrote Edward Everett Hale in 1879, in his "Fossil from the 
Tertiary", it w^as the only society in America that could 
pretend to be devoted to literature and philosophy. And it 
happened, therefore, that in the infant literature of the nation 
some noteworthy steps are marked by orations and poems 
delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa." Among the famous 
men whose names have appeared upon the programs of the 
great public gatherings of the society are Adams, Everett, 
Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Phillips, Webster, Choate, 
Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and Longfellow. The hundredth 
anniversary was noteworthy as suggesting the culmination of 



Honorary Societies. 107 

a movement that resulted in the formation in April of 1877 
of an alumni association in New York City, known as the Phi 
Beta Kappa alumni. 

For more than a century the custom prevailed of requiring 
the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new Alpha could 
be established in a new state, all subsequent charter grants in 
that state being dependent upon the will of the Alpha. This 
most unsatisfactory method of establishing new chapters, the 
impossibility of demanding uniform standards of scholarship, 
the entire lack of unity in a movement that was without 
definite organization, the absence of any system of literary 
activity, were conditions generally deplored, but no attempt 
was made to evolve a national organization until the Harvard 
chapter celebrated its centenary on June 30, 1881. At this 
time the idea of a governing body was suggested and discussed, 
but no definite step taken. At a gathering, however, of dele- 
gates from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, 
a resolution was made to recommend a permanent and a repre- 
sentative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, Sep- 
tember 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unanimously 
adopted a constitution which was eventually ratified by all the 
chapters. The organization was known henceforth as "The 
United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa". 

Under the present arrangement all applications for char- 
ters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty promi- 
nent members of national reputation, who hold their office for 
six years, and each application must be endorsed by five exist- 
ing chapters. The charter grants depend to a large extent 
upon the recommendations of these men, but the final decision 



108 Honorary Societies. 

is made at the Triennial Convention, for no charters are is- 
sued without the consent of delegations representing a major- 
ity of chapters. Since the new constitution went into effect, 
the society has given evidence of greatly increased vigor. 
Eight triennial conventions have been held and forty-six char- 
ter grants have been made. Much has been done also to 
bring about the unification of the chapters and to secure 
higher standards. Only such institutions as grant the A. B. 
degree in regular course are eligible to charters and no chapter 
is expected to elect to membership more than one-fourth of 
the graduating class. The recent movement to gather valu- 
able historical data and to publish periodical literature, 
culminating in a quarterly, called The Phi Beta Kappa Key, 
is a most important one. The Elisha Parmele Scholarship, 
for which a fund has been accumulating, becomes effective in 
1911, and will assist in educating at "William and Mary Col- 
lege a son* of a worthy Phi Beta Kappa member. 

Women were first admitted to membership about the year 
1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The Cor- 
nell chapter has never made any sex distinction since its 
organization in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, 
however, was very small up to the year 1890, for until that 
time few chapters existed at colleges open to them. The de- 
cision of recent conventions to grant charters to independent 
colleges for women and the election of a woman to the Senate, 
indicate that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to becom- 
ing truly representative of the highest scholarship in the 
United States. 

*If William and Mary should admit women, daughters will be eligi- 
ble to the scholarship. 



Honorary Societies. 109 

Sigma Xi. 

The Society of the Sigma Xi, as it is known officially, was 
founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a few 
earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing to an 
unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the exact date of 
organization is not known. 

The aim of the society, as indicated in the motto, Spoudon 
Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to encourage 
original investigation in science, pure and applied, and to 
secure for scientific studies a place of honor among the hu- 
manities of a liberal culture. 

Chapters may be established at any institution offering 
courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of the 
society to promote, provided that these courses are substan- 
tially equivalent to the usual four years college course. The 
active membership is composed of resident professors, instruc- 
tors, graduate students and seniors. The last may never be 
more than one-fifth of the class. No distinction on account of 
sex has ever been made. 

Provision has also been made for alumni chapters, which 
may be established anywhere upon the application of five 
members of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters have the 
right of suffrage at the convention and may elect to member 
ship graduates of other institutions of learning at which the 
society has no chapters. 

Phi Kappa Phi. 

Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of Maine, 
July 14, 1897. The motto means "The Love of Learning 



110 Honorary Societies. 

Rules the World" and the aim of the incorporators was "to 
provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity and Democracy 
of Education and open to honor graduates of all departments 
of American Universities and Colleges". All candidates for 
a baccalaureate or higher degree, without distinction as to sex, 
are eligible to membership in their senior year, provided their 
scholarship entitles them to rank in the first third of the class. 
All applications for charters must be made to the Board 
of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee composed 
of the president general, the secretary general and three 
others. These five men have the power to investigate all ap- 
plications and to make all charter grants. Active chapters 
may be established at universities and colleges ' ' of good stand- 
ing". Alumni chapters have as many votes in the convention 
as the active chapters, but have never received the right to 
elect new members to the fraternity. 



Alpha Omega Alpha. 

Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical School 
of the University of Illinois, August 25, 1902. Chapters 
are limited to medical schools of the highest standing, and the 
membership may at no time exceed one-sixth of the grad- 
uating class. The constitution empowered the fraternity 
from the first to admit women. "To be worthy to serve the 
suffering" is the motto of the society. 



Honorary Societies. Ill 

Phi Beta Kappa. 

December 5, 1776. 

Officers. 

President, Edwin A. Grosvenor, LL. D., Amherst, Mass. 
Vice-President, Hon. John J. McCook, LL. D., N. Y. C. 
Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, 350 East 
146th St., N. Y. C. 

Chapter Roll. 

Allegheny, Amherst, Beloit, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, 
California, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colgate, 
Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Goucher, 
Grinnell,* Hamilton, Harvard, Haverford, Hobart, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kenyon, Lafayette, 
Lehigh, Marietta, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Min- 
nesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, New York, North 
Carolina, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
Pennsylvania, Princeton, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, 
St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Tufts, Tulane, 
Union, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Wash- 
ington and Lee, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West 
Virginia, William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. 

The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing on one 
side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek letters of the 
society's name. Early in the Northern history of the order 
the familiar watch key pattern of the present day was adopted. 

*The corporate name is Iowa College. 



112 Honorary Societies. 

On one side are the Greek letters, which stand for the words 
Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, Philosophy the Guide of Life, 
and a hand pointing to one or more stars, symbolic of the so- 
ciety's lofty aspirations. The reverse bears the letters S. P., 
which mean Societas Philosophica, the owner's name, college 
and class. The date of founding, December 5, 1776, appears 
on either side as taste dictates. Sometimes the S and P are 
arranged in a monogram, again side by side within a laurel 
wreath.There is no general rule governing the number of 
stars. The original number was three. Seven appeal to many 
chapters as the symbol of completeness, but certain states 
prefer to have each new branch add a star to the constellation. 
The number varies greatly from the single star used by the 
chapter at the University of Colorado to the ten required by 
the one at Rutgers College. The convention of 1910 decided, 
however, to standardize the pin, so that after the design is 
selected all badges may be uniform. 

Original Colors-Green and Pink. 

Never formally adopted by the United Chapters. 

Magazine — The Pi Beta Kappa Key~1910. 
Next Convention-Undecided, September, 1913. 

Sigma Xi. 

November, 1886. 

Officers. 

President, Henry T. Eddy, Ph. D., University of Minnesota. 
Vice-President, J. M. Coulter, Ph. D., University of Chicago. 



Honorary Societies. 113 

Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of Illinois. 
Treasurer, James F. Kemp, Ph. D., Columbia University. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, 
Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Union, Washington State, 
Washington, Wisconsin, Worcester, Yale. 

The badge is a gold key bearing a monogram of the Sigma 
and Xi in black enamel. The seal is a laurel wreath sur- 
rounding ten stars and a lamp of research. 

Colors-Electric Blue and White. 

Next Convention- Washington, December 28-30, 1911. 

Phi Kappa Phi. 

July 14, 1897. 

Officers. 

President, George E. Fellows, Ph. D., LL. D., Boston. 
Secretary, S. Francis Howard, M. S., Amherst, Mass. 
Registrar, James S. Stevens, M. S., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
Treasurer, Benjamin Gill, M. A., D. D., State College, Pa. 

Chapter Roll. 

Delaware, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, Pennsylvania College, 
Tennessee. 

The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or medal, 
is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa Phi and sur- 



114 Honorary Societies. 

rounded by the rays of the sun arranged in eight groups. The 
seal is a facsimile of the badge surrounded by a circle, above 
which is a row of stars to indicate the number of chapters, and 
below the words, "Founded 1897". The ribbon of the frater- 
nity is white bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and 
the walls of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon 
on the front edge of the sleeves. 

Colors-Black and White. 

Next Convention-Undecided, September, 1912. 

Alpha Omega Alpha. 

August 25, 1902. 

Officers. 

President, Winfield S. Hall, M. D., LL. D., Northwestern Uni- 
versity Medical School, Chicago. 

Vice-President, Walter B. Cannon, A. M., M. D., Harvard 
Medical School, Boston. 

Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, B. S., M. D., 170 
Baldwin Ave., Detroit. 

Chapter Roll. 

California, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Illinois, Jef- 
ferson, Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Minnesota, Northwestern, 
Pennsylvania, Syracuse, Toronto, Washington, Western Re- 
serve. 

The badge is a watch key bearing the society's letters and 
the year of founding. 

Next Convention- With American Medical Association. 



Honorary Associations. 115 



THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE. 

November, 1881. 

General Officers. 
President, Laura D. Gill, 264 Boylston St., Boston. 
Sec.-Treas., Mrs. Elizabeth L. Clarke, Williamstown, Mass. 
Bursar, Mrs. Charles T. Van "Winkle, 403 8th Ave., Salt Lake 

City ' Roll. 

Barnard, Boston, Brown*, Bryn Mawr, California, Chicago, 
Clark, Columbia, Cornell, Illinois, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, 
Mass. Inst, Tech., McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ne- 
braska, Northwestern, Oberlin, Pennsylvania, Radcliffe, Smith, 
Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Vassar, Wellesley, Western Re- 
serve, "Wisconsin, Yale. 

Branches. 
Albany, Ann Arbor, Binghampton, Boise, Boston, Buffalo, 
Charlotteville, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbia, 
Mo., Columbus, Denver, Detroit, Duluth, Fall River, Hunt- 
ington, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lincoln, Los 
Angeles, Madison, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Missoula, New 
Haven, New York, Norfolk, North Yakima, Omaha, Philadel- 
phia, Pittsburg, Portland, Ore., Providence, Rock Island, 
San Bernardino, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Spokane, 
Springfield, 111., Springfield, Mo., St. Louis, St. Paul, Syra- 
cuse, Tacoma, Urbana, 111., Washington. 

Annual Meeting-New York, October 18-22, 1911. 

*Only those women are eligible in italicized universities who hold advanced, 
non-professional degrees. 



116 Honorary Associations. 



SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN. 

July, 1903. 

Officers. 

President, May L. Keller, Goucher College. 

Vice-Presidents, Sara Converse, Atlanta, Eula Deaton, San 

Antonio, Elizabeth A. Colton, Raleigh. 
Sec.-Treas., Caroline Carpenter, Peabody College. 

Roll. 

Agnes Scott, Alabama, Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, Cornell, George Washington, Goucher, Illi- 
nois, Kansas, Mass. Inst. Technology, Minnesota, Mississippi, 
Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Newcomb, Oberlin, Rad- 
cliffe, Randolph-Macon, Smith, Stanford, Syracuse, Tenn- 
essee, Texas, Trinity, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Wellesley, Western 
Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chapters. 

Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Columbus, Miss., Knoxville, 
Little Rock, Montevallo, Ala., Montgomery, Nashville, New 
Orleans, Raleigh, Richmond, San Antonio, Shreveport, La. 
Annual Meeting-Undecided, April, 1912. 



Honorary Associations. 117 



THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION. 

March 10, 1906. 

President, Henry Smith Pritchett. 
Secretary, John Gabbert Bowman. 
Treasurer, Robert A. Franks. 

Headquarters, 576 Fifth Ave., N. Y. C. 

Roll. 

Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Bowdoin, Brooklyn Polytechnic, Cali- 
fornia, Carleton, Case, Central, Cincinnati, Clark, Clarkson, 
Coe, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dalhousie, Dart- 
mouth, Dickinson, Drake, Drury, Franklin, Grinnell, Hamil- 
ton, Harvard, Hobart, Indiana, Johns Hopkins, Knox, Law- 
rence, Lehigh, McGill, Marietta, Massachusetts Institute 
Technology, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. 
Holyoke, New York, Oberlin, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Prince- 
ton, Purdue, Radcliffe, Ripon, Rochester, Rose, Smith, Stan- 
ford, Stevens, Swarthmore, Toronto, Trinity, Tufts, Tulane, 
Union, Vassar, Vermont, Wabash, Washington, and Jefferson, 
Washington, Wellesley, Wells, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, 
Williams, Wisconsin, Worchester, Yale. 



118 Statistical Data. 



STATISTICAL DATA. 

Coeducational Colleges. 

With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates College 
which are opposed to fraternity life in any form, and Ohio 
Wesleyan University and Colorado College, which admit fra- 
ternities but frown upon local societies among women, there 
are practicaly no prominent coeducational colleges closed to 
sororities. The seventy-five institutions in the following list, 
to be sure, make up only one-fifth of the entire number of 
coeducational colleges mentioned by the United States Com- 
missioner of Education, but of the other four-fifths many are 
so far from attaining the standards set by the best colleges 
that the sororities are not ready to recognize them. Others 
that are of high grade have such a limited enrolment of women 
that sorority chapters seem unfeasible. Enrolment on the 
Association of Collegiate Alumnae, the Carnegie Foundation 
and Phi Beta Kappa is indicated by appropriate abbreviations. 

Adelphi College 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1896; Women admitted 1896; Val- 
uation* $750,000; Endowment $113,000; Faculty 30, Men 19, 

* Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 



Statistical Data. 119 

Women 11; Students 457, Men 64, Women 393; Tuition $180; 
Expensesf $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A., B. S. 

Motto-The truth shall make us free. Colors-Brown and Gold. 

Sororities-1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1908, Delta Gamma; 1911, Delta Delta Delta. 

Adrian College. 

Adrian, Mich. 

Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admitted 
1859; Valuation $250,000; Endowment $100,000; Faculty 24, 
Men 15, Women 9; Students 195, Men 105, Women 90; 
Tuition $15; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., Ph. B., 
B. M., M. A., M. S. 

Motto-Let the truth shine. Colors-Canary and Black. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Alabama. 

University, Ala. 

State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$750,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 71, Students 570, 
Men 517, Women 53 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $150 ; Degrees, 
A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., C. E., M. E., M. D., LL. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and White. 

Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

fAverage annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 



120 Statistical Data. 

Albion College. 

Albion, Mich. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened as Seminary 1843 ; as College 
1861 ; Women admitted 1843 ; Valuation $250,000 ; Endowment 
$280,000; Faculty 28, Men 19, Women 9, Students 499, 
Men 270, Women 229 ; Tuition $40 ; Expenses $250 ; Degree, 
B. A. 

Motto-Lux Fiat. Colors-Pink and Green. 

Sororities-1883, Delta Gamma; 1887, Alpha Chi Omega. 

Allegheny College. 

Meadville, Pa. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1815 ; Women admitted 1872 ; 
Valuation $750,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 19, Men 
16, Women 3 ; Students 357, Men 216, Women 141 ; Tuition 
$75 ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. $ B K. 

Motto-None. Colors-Navy Blue and Gold. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1891, Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Arkansas. 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

State ; Opened 1871 ; Women admitted in 1871 ; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 110, Men 95, 
Women 15; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition 



Statistical Data. 121 

Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., C. E., M. S., 
M. A., M. E., E. E., B. Mus. 

Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1910, Pi Beta 
Phi. 

Baker University. 

Baldwin, Kan. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1858 ; Women admitted 1858 ; 
Valuation $348,891; Endowment $101,573; Faculty 32, Men 
20, Women 12; Students 724, Men 351, Women 373; Tuition 
$40; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-Let him be first a man. Color-Cadmium. 

Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Chi Omega; 1910, 
Delta Zeta. 

Bethany College. 

Bethany, W. Va. 

Christian; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1881; Valua- 
tion $200,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, 
Women 4; Students 256, Men 190, Women 66; Tuition $36; 
Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. S., B. L. 
Motto-None. Colors-White and Green. 

Sororities-1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Boston University. 

Boston, Mass. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1873 ; Women admitted 1873 ; 
Valuation $1,068,000; Endowment 1,076,947; Faculty 161, 



122 Statistical Data. 

Men 153, Women 8 ; Students 1781, Men 1180, Women 601 ; 
Tuition $130; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., S. B., S. T. B., 
S. T. D., LL. B., J. B., LL. M. J. M., J. D., LL. D., M. D., 
M. B., Ch. B., A. M., Ph. D. A. C. A, $ B K. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and White. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 1887, 
Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, 
Sigma Kappa; 1898, Epsilon Tau (Med.) 

Buchtel College. 

Akron, O. 

Universalist ; Opened 1872 ; Women admitted 1872 ; Valua- 
tion $200,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 20, Men 14, 
Women 6 ; Students 297, Men 134, Women 163 ; Tuition $40 ; 
Expenses $230 ; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B. 
Motto-Let there be light Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma. 

Butler College. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

Christian ; Opened 1855 ; Women admitted 1855 ; Valua- 
tion $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 14, 
Women 3; Students 464, Men 236, Women 228; Tuition $45; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1874, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1879, Pi Beta Phi. 



Statistical Data. 123 

University of California. 

Berkeley, Cal. 

State; Opened 1869; "Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$3,771,388.87; Endowment $3,568,835.42; Faculty 487, Men 
447, "Women 40; Students 3450, Men 2193, Women 1257; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L., B. S., 
M. A., M. S., M. L., Ph. D., M. C. E., M. E., Mech. E., M. D., 
LL. B., D. D. S., Pharm. B., Ph. C. A. C. A., $BK, 

Motto-Let there be light. Colors-Blue and Gold. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1896, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, 
Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Gamma; 
1909, Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Xi Delta; 1910, Sigma Kappa; 1905, 
Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

Cincinnati University. 

Cincinnati, O. 

City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
$3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, 
Women 20; Students 1416, Men 727, Women 689; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D. 
C, $BK. 
Motto-Alta Petit. Colors-Scarlet and Black. 

Sorority-1892, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Pi Delta Kappa. 



124 Statistical Data. 

Coe College, 

Cedar Rapids, la. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1881; Women admitted 1881; Val- 
uation $300,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 20, Men 13, 
Women 7 ; Students 287, Men 100, Women 181 ; Tuition $52 ; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S. C. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sorority-1911, Kappa Delta. 

University of Colorado. 

Boulder, Col. 

State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation 
$1,000,000 ; Endowment None ; Faculty 158, Men 144, Women 
14; Students 1300, Men 900, Women 400; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., 
C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., LL. B. $BK. 

Motto-Let your light shine. Colors-Silver and Gold. 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1901, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1910, 
Delta Delta Delta. 

Cornell University. 

Ithaca, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Val- 
uation $6,000,000; Endowment $8,500,000; Faculty 625, Men 
618, Women 7 ; Students 5194, Men 4769, Women 425, Tuition 
$100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., 



Statistical Data. 125 

M. D., D. V. M., C. E., M. E., M. C. E., M. M. E., B. S. in 

Arch., M. S. in Arch., B. S. in Agr., M. S. in Agr. 
A. C. A., C.j $BK. 

Motto-None. Color s-Carnelian and White. 

Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, 
Delta Zeta; 1903, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 

University of Denver. 

University Park, Colo. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1864; Women admitted 
1880; Valuation $450,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 90, 
Men 80, Women 10; Students 1324, Men 682, Women 642; 
Tuition $50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., 
Ph.D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Bed and Yellow. 

Sororities-1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Sigma 
Kappa. 

DePauw University. 

Greencastle, Ind. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1837 ; Women admitted 1867 ; 
Valuation $475,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 42, Men 
27, Women 15; Students 1006, Men 484, Women 515; Tuition 
$50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. $ B K. 

Motto-Decus Lumenque Reipublicae Collegium. Color-Old Gold. 

Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, 
1908, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1909, Delta Zeta. 



126 Statistical Data. 

Dickinson College. 

Carlisle, Pa. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1783; Women admitted 1883; Val- 
uation $850,000 ; Endowment $375,000 ; Faculty 32 ; Students 
580, Men 483, "Women 97; Tuition $6.25; Expenses $275; 
Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M. C, $BK. 

Motto-Pietate et Doctrina Tuta Libertas. Colors-Bed and White. 

Sororities-1903, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Chi Omega. 

Drury College. 

Springfield, Mo. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; Val- 
uation $550,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 24, Men 21, 
Women 3 ; Students 208, Men 101, Women 107 ; Tuition $40 ; 
Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., S. M. C. 

Motto-Chris to et Humanitati. Colors-Scarlet and Gray. 

Sorority-1909, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Franklin College. 

Franklin, Ind. 

Baptist; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$176,090 ; Endowment $293,375 ; Faculty 15, Men 8, Women 
7 ; Students 320, Men 134, Women 186 ; Tuition $63 ; Expenses 
$160 ; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., M. B. C. 

Motto-Christianity and Culture. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sorority-1888, Pi Beta Phi. 



Statistical Data. 127 

George Washington University. 

Washington, D. C. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; Val- 
uation $1,200,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 185; Stu- 
dents 1508; Men 1258, Women 250; Tuition $150; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., 
E. E., M. E., M. D., Pharm. G., LL. B. 

Motto-Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors-Continental Buff and Blue. 

Sororities-1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma Kappa. 

Hillsdale College. 

Hillsdale, Mich. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Val- 
uation $173,650; Endowment $259,360; Faculty 24, Men 16, 
Women 7 ; Students 476, Men 200, Women 276 ; Tuition $27 ; 
Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. Pd. 

Motto-Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors-Ultramarine Blue. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Idaho. 

Moscow, Idaho. 

State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$701,080; Endowment $4,290,000; Faculty 66, Men 56, Women 
10; Students 522, Men 325, Women 197; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., LL. B., M. A., M. S., C. E., 
M. E., E. E. 

Motto— Esto Perpetua. Colors-Gold and White. 

Sororities-1910, Gamma Phi Beta; 1911, Delta Gamma. 



128 Statistical Data. 

University of Illinois. 

Urbana, 111. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$3,500,000; Endowment $647,000; Faculty 591, Men 512, 
Women 79; Students 5118, Men 4118, Women 1000; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., B. L. S., 
LL. B., Ph. G., M. S., Ph. D., J. D., M. D., M. E., C. E., E. E., 
M. Arch., M. Agr. A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-Learning and Labor. Colors-Orange and Blue. 

Sororities-1895, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Chi Omega; 1905, 
Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Delta Gamma; 1911, Alpha 
Omieron Pi; 1898, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 

Illinois Wesleyan University. 

Bloomington, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 
1877; Valuation $140,000; Endowment $170,000; Faculty 45, 
Men 30, Women 15; Students 740, Men 400, Women 340; 
Tuition $51; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
Ph. D., LL. B. 

Motto-Scientia et Sapientia. Colors-Green and White. 

Sororities-1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1908, 
Kappa Delta. 

University of Indiana. 

Bloomington, Ind. 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$900,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 82, Men 77, Women 



Statistical Data. 129 

5; Students 2564, Men 1593, Women 971; Tuition Free; 

Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., M. D. 

C, $BK. 

Motto-Lux Et Veritas. Colors-Cream and Crimson. 

Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma; 1909, Delta Zeta. 

Iowa State College. 

Ames, la. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
$2,323,012; Endowment $686,778; Faculty 177, Men 122, 
Women 55; Students 1766, Men 1597, Women 169; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. S., C. E., M. E., D. V. M., 
M. S. A., M. S., M. A. E. 

Motto-Science with Practice. Colors-Cardinal and Gold. 

Sororities-1877, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Kappa Delta; 1911, Alpha 
Delta Phi. 

University of Iowa. 

Iowa City, la. 

State; Opened 1847; Women admitted 1847; Valuation 
$3,000,000; Endowment $235,000; Faculty 165, Men 151, 
Women 14; Students 2352, Men 1525, Women 827; Tuition 
$20; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., 
Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., Ph. G., Ph. C. $BK. 

Motto-None. Color-Old Gold. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 1887, 
Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Alpha Chi Omega. 



130 Statistical Data. 

Iowa Wesleyan College. 

Mt. Pleasant, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 
1844; Valuation $160,000; Endowment $61,000; Faculty 28, 
Men 16, Women 12; Students 400, Men 210, Women 190; 
Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., 
Litt. B. 
Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Kansas. 

Lawrence, Kan. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation 
$1,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 146, Men 116, 
Women 30; Students 2397, Men 1505, Women 892; Tuition 
$10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., M. A., 
Ph. D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., Ph. G., Mus. B. 
A. C. A., $BK. 
Motto-None, Colors-Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 

Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1902, Chi Omega; 1910, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.)- 

University of Kentucky. 

Lexington, Ky. 
State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 0000; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 52, Men 47, Women 



Statistical Data. 131 

5 ; Students 468, Men 398, Women 70 ; Tuition Free ; Degrees, 
B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sororities-1908, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Xi Delta; 1910, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma, Kappa Delta. 



Knox College. 

Galesburg, 111. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845; Val- 
uation $329,132; Endowment $591,840; Faculty 29, Men 20, 
Women 9; Students 651, Men 168, Women 483; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $230; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. C. 

Motto-None. Colors-Purple and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. 

Lawrence College. 

Appleton, Wis. 

Interdenominational ; Opened as seminary 1847 ; Chartered 
as a college 1849 ; Women admitted 1§49 ; Valuation $530,000 ; 
Endowment $630,000; Faculty 40, Men 25, Women 15; Stu- 
dents 426, Men 237, Women 189 ; Tuition $50 ; Expenses $250 ; 
Degree, A. B. C. 

Motto-None Colors-Yale Blue and White. 

Sorority-1908, Alpha Delta Phi. 



132 Statistical Data. 

Lombard College. 

Galesburg, 111. 

Universalist ; Opened 1851 ; Women admitted 1851 ; Valua- 
tion $160,000; Endowment $275,000; Faculty 16, Men 14, 
Women 2; Students 108, Men 52, Women 56; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., B. D. 
Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Olive. 

Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Louisana. 

Baton Rouge, La. 

State; Opened 1860; Women admitted 1903; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 64, Men 59, 
Women 5 ; Students 654, Men 599, Women 55 ; Tuition Free ; 
Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., C. E., E. E., M. E. 

Motto-None. Colors-Old Gold and Purple. 

Sorority-1908, Kappa Delta. 

University of Maine. 

Orono, Me. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
$627,498; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 102, Men 97, 
Women 5; Students 809, Men 766, Women 43; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., LL. B., Ph. C, M. A., 
M. S., LL. M., C. E., M. E., E. E. $ K $ 

Motto-None. Color-Light Blue. 

Sorority-1908, Alpha Omicron Pi. 



Statistical Data. 133 

Miami University. 

Oxford, 0. 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$560,000; Income $168,000; Faculty 45, Men 38, "Women 7; 
Students 535, Men 320, Women 215; Tuition $30; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. $ B K. 

Motto-Prodesse Quam Conspici. Colors-Red and White. 

Sororities-1902, Delta Zeta; 1909, Pi Delta Kappa; 1911, Delta 
Delta Delta. 

University of Michigan. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 
State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$4,152,290; Income $1,180,000; Faculty 442, Men 422, Women 
20; Students 5082, Men 4258, Women 724; Tuition $30; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., Sc. D., 
Ph. D. A. C. A., C, $BK. 

Motto- Artes, Bcientia, Veritas. Colors-Maize and Blue. 

Sororities-1879, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 1885, 
Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, 
Alpha Phi; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1905, Chi Omega; 1890, Alpha 
Epsilon Iota, (Med.); 1903, Sigma Alpha Iota, (Mus.); 1904, Mu Phi 
Epsilon, (Mus.). 

In addition to the national sororities there is a local society 
called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a branch of 
New York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its aims and methods, 
however, are very similar to those of its rivals. The total member- 
ship is 250, the average active membership 20, the average annual 
initiation 6. The badge is a monogram of an Old English S and 



134 Statistical Data. 

a simple C jeweled. The pledge pin is an oval of rose gold bearing 
a C linked to the upper part of the S. The colors are yellow and 
white. 

University of Minnesota. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$6,153,000; Endowment $1,449,000; Faculty 390, Men 361, 
Women 29 ; Students 5369, Men 3586, Women 1783 ; Tuition 
$20; Expenses $300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., 
Ph. D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., Met. E., M. D., D. D. S., 
B. Pharm., D. C. L., LL. B., LL. M. A. C. A., C,$BK 

Motto-None. Colors-Maroon and Gold. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1889, 
Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi; 1894, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha 
Gamma Delta; 1901, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 

University of Mississippi. 

Oxford, Miss. 

State; Opened 1848; "Women admitted 1882; Valuation 
$1,450,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 28, Men 27, Women 
1; Students 344, Men 282, Women 62; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S., B. E., M. A., LL. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Red and Blue. 

Sororities-1899, Chi Omega; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 



Statistical Data. 135 

University of Missouri. 

Columbia, Mo. 

State; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$3,488,464; Endowment $1,264,839; Faculty 183, Men 168, 
Women 15; Students 3141, Men 2283, Women 858; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., 
LL. B., M. D., C. E., M. E., E. E. A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-None. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi; 1909, 
Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma; 1910, Alpha Phi. 

University of Montana. 

Missoula, Mont. 

State; Opened 1895; Women admitted 1895; Valuation 
$350,000; Endowment $850,000; Faculty 25, Men 18, Women 
7 ; Students 184, Men 83, Women 101 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sororities-1909, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, 
Delta Gamma. 

Mt. Union College. 

Alliance, O. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1846 ; Women admitted 1846 ; 
Valuation $600,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 28, Men 
20, Women 8; Students 524, Men 250, Women 274; Tuition 
$54; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S. 

Motto-8it Lux. Color-Royal Purple. 

Sororities-1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1909, Alpha Sigma Alpha. 



136 Statistical Data. 

University of Nebraska. 

Lincoln, Neb. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$2156,116; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 333, Men 259, 
Women 74; Students 3992, Men 2236, Women 1756; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., 
LL. B., M. D. A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and Cream. 

Sororities-1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, 
Chi Omega; 1304, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha 
Chi Omega; 1910, Delta Zeta. 

University of New Mexico. 

Albuquerque, N. M. 

State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$200,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 19, Men 12, Women 
7 ; Students 89, Men 57, Women 32 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., B. Ped. 

Motto-None, Colors-None. 

Sorority-1911, Phi Mu. 

New York University. 

New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1831; Women admitted *1886; 
Valuation $3,690,000; Endowment $1,772,000; Faculty 303, 

*The undergraduate college proper is not open to women. 



Statistical Data. 137 

Men 296, Women 7; Students 4150, Men 3260, Women 890, 
Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. C. S., 
M. A., M. S., Ph. D., Pd. M., Pd. D., LL. B., LL. M., J. D, 
M. D., D. V. S., C. E. C, 3> B K. 

Motto-Per stare Et Praestare. Color-Violet. 

Sorority-1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

University of North Dakota. 

University, N. D. 

State; Opened 1884, Women admitted 1884; Valuation 
$700,000; Endowment $2,000,000 ; Faculty 68, Men 61, Women 
7; Students 589, Men 394, Women 195; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. E., E. E., M. E. 
Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sororities-1911, Alpha Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

Northwestern University. 

Evanston, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1855 ; Women admitted 1873 : 
Valuation $9,038,604; Endowment $7,070,139; Faculty 445, 
Men 403, Women 42; Students 3668, Men 2325, Women 1343; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $450; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S., Ph. D. A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-Quaecumque Sunt Vera, Colors-Royal Purple. 

Sororities-1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, 



138 Statistical Data. 

Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, 
Chi Omega; 1907, Kappa Delta; 1909, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, Sigma 
Alpha Iota (Mus.). 

Ohio State University. 

Columbus, 0. 

State; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
$4,500,000; Endowment $924,053; Faculty 233, Men 216, 
Women 17; Students 3181, Men 2549, Women 632; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., 
C. E., M. E., E. M., LL. M., D. V. M. 3> B K. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and Gray, 

Sororities-1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Delta Zeta, Delta 
Gamma. 

Ohio University. 

Athens, O. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$1,500,000; Endowment $200,000 ; Faculty 53, Men 33, Women 
20; Students 1462, Men 653, Women 809; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ped. 

Motto-Prae Omnibus Virtus. Colors-Olive Green and White. 

Sororities-1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Pi Delta Kappa; 1908, Alpha 
Gamma Delta; 1911, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Oklahoma. 

Norman, Okla. 

State; Opened 1893; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$700,000 ; Endowment $3,670,000 ; Faculty 91, Men 80, Women 



Statistical Data. 139 

11; Students 875, Men 575, Women 300; Tuition Free; 
Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. C, Ph. D., B. M., 
M. D., LL. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and Cream. 

Sororities-1909, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta, Pi 
Beta Phi. 

University of Oregon. 

Eugene, Ore. 

State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation 
$1,000,050.57; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 102, Men 99, 
Women 7; Students 1104, Men 667, Women 437; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., 
C. E., M. E., Mech. E., M. D., LL. B. 

Motto-Mens Agitat Molem. Colors-Lemon Yellow and Green. 

Sororities-1908, Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). 

University of Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1740 ; Women admitted 1876* ; Val- 
uation $16,000,000; Endowment $8,000,000; Faculty 454; 
Students 4570, Men 4170, Women 400; Tuition $150; Ex- 
penses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., 
M. E., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., V. M. D. 
A. C. A., C, $BK. 

Motto-Literae Sine Moribus Vanae. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. 

Sororities-1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

*A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. 



140 Statistical Data. 

Simpson College. 
Indianola, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $133,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 26, 
Men 16, Women 10; Students 541, Men 221, Women 320; 
Tuition $46 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A. B., B. Mus. 
Motto-None. Colors-Bed and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1907, Alpha 
Chi Omega. 

University of South Dakota. 

Vermilion, S. D. 

State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
$500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 50, Men 40, Women 
10, Students 454, Men 274, Women 180; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., B. Mus., LL. B. 
Motto-Veritas. Color-Vermilion. 

Sorority-1903, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Southern California. 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 
1880; Valuation $375,000; Endowment $425,000; Faculty 
196, Men 167, Women 29 ; Students 1802, Men 1181, Women 
621 ; Tuition $70 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. D., LL B., LL. M., D. D. S., B. D., Ph. G., C. E., E. E. 

Motto-Palman Qui Meruit Ferat. Color-Gold. 

Sororities-1895, Alpha Chi Omega; 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha. 



Statistical Data. 141 

Southwestern University. 

Georgetown, Tex. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women ad- 
mitted 1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $100,000; Fac- 
ulty 28, Men 19, Women 9 ; Students 455, Men 219, Women 
236; Tuition $63; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 
Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sororities-1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1907, Alpha Delta Phi; 1908, 
Phi Mu; 1911, Delta Delta Delta. 

St. Lawrence University. 

Canton, N. Y. 

Universalist ; Opened 1861 ; Women admitted 1861 ; Valua- 
tion $200,000; Endowment $490,000; Faculty 26, Men 25, 
Women 1 ; Students 455, Men 352, Women 103 ; Tuition $50 ; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. D., LL. B. 
$BK, 
Motto-Fides Et Veritas, Colors-Scarlet and Brown. 

Sorority-1891, Delta Delta Delta. 

Stanford University.* 

Palo Alto, Cal. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1891 ; Women admitted 1891 ; Valua- 
tion $30,000,000 ; Endowment $25,000,000 ; Faculty 136, Men 
130, Women 6; Students 1600, Men 1100, Women 500; Tuition 

*The corporate name is Leland Stanford, Jr., University. 



142 Statistical Data. 

$10; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., 
E. E., M. E. A. C. A., C, $BK. 

Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Delta Gamma; 1897, Alpha Phi; 1905, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1909, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

Stetson University.* 

DeLand, Fla. 

Baptist; Opened 1887; Women admitted 1887; Valuation 
$400,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 49, Men 28, Women 
21 ; Students 125, Men 75, Women 50 ; Tuition $72 ; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B. 
Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sorority-1910, Alpha Kappa Psi. 

Swarthmore College. 

Swarthmore, Pa. 

Friends ; Opened 1869 ; Women admitted 1869 ; Valuation 
$875,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 47, Men 40, Wo- 
men 7; Students 373, Men 164, Women 209; Tuition $150; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., C. E., 
M. E., E. E. C, $BK. 

Motto-None. Color-Garnet 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

*The corporate name is John B. Stetson University. 



Statistical Data. 143 

Syracuse University. 

Syracuse, N. Y. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1871; Women admitted 
1871; Valuation $3,225,300; Endowment $2,081,450; Faculty 
240, Men 213, Women 27; Students 3201, Men 1545, Women 
1656; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 

B. S., B. Ar., B. Mus., B. L., B. Pd., B. L. S., M. D., LL. B., 

C. E., E. E., M. E. A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-Suas Cultores Scientia Coronat. Color-Orange. 

Sororities-1872, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta; 1883, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1897, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1901, Delta Gamma; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Gamma 
Delta; 1905, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Zeta Phi 
(Med.); 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.); 1910, Alpha Epsilon Iota 
(Med.). 

University of Tennessee. 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$762,500; Endowment $427,000; Faculty 157, Men 152, Wo- 
men 5; Students 888, Men 716, Women 172; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. S. A., A. M., M. S., 
M. E., E. E., C. E., M. S. A., LL. B., LL. M., M. D., D. D. S. 
<£ K 3>. 

Motto-V eritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vos Liberabit. 

Colors-Orange and White. 

Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, Zeta 
Tau Alpha; 1908, Phi Mu. 



144 Statistical Data. 

University of Texas. 

Austin, Tex. 

State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
$800,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 120, Men 105, 
Women 15; Students 2574, Men 1612, Women 962; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. E., LL. B., 
M. D. $BK. 

Motto-None. Colors-Orange and White. 

Sororities-1902, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, 
Kappa Alpha Theta; 1904, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha, Alpha 
Delta Phi. 

Toronto University. 

Toronto, Can. 

Government; Opened 1843; "Women admitted 1884; Valua- 
tion $4,800,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 385, Men 
354, Women 31; Students 4044, Men 3306, Women 738; 
Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D., 
M. B., M. D., LL. B., LL. M., C. E., E. E., M. E., D. D. S., 
B. S. A., B. V. S., Pharm. B., B. Paed. A. C. A., C. 

Motto-Velut Arbor Aevo. Colors-Azuret Argent. 

Sororities-1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1908, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1911, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1908, Zeta Phi (Med.). 

Transylvania University. 

Lexington, Ky. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1799 ; "Women admitted 1889 ; Valu- 
ation $452,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 64, Men 61, 



Statistical Data. 145 

Women 3 ; Students 1109, Men 992, Women 117 ; Tuition $45 ; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., LL. B., LL. D. 

Motto-In Lumine Illo Tradimus Lumen, Color-Crimson. 

Sororities-1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Beta Sigma Omicron; 1908, 
Delta Delta Delta. 

Trinity College. 

Durham, N. C. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1859; Women ad- 
mitted 1901; Valuation $750,000; Endowment $450,000; 
Faculty 40; Students 300, Men 235, Women 65; Tuition $50; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sorority-1911, Alpha Delta Phi. 

Vanderbilt University. 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1875; Women ad- 
mitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; 
Faculty 125; Students 984, Men 944, Women 40; Tuition 
$100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., D. 
Sc, Ph. D., B. E., C. E., M. E., E. M., E. E. <£> B K. 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Black. 

Sororities-1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Vermont. 

Burlington, Vt. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1871; Valuation 
$1,300,000; Endowment $774,000; Faculty 90, Men 89, Wo- 



146 Statistical Data. 

men 1; Students 513, Men 443, Women 70; Tuition $100; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., M. S., C. E., 
E. E., M. E., M. D. C., $BK. 

Motto-Studiis Et Rebus Honestis. Colors-Green and Gold. 

Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 
1898, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Washington. 

Seattle, Wash. 

State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation 
$2,500,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 127, Men 115, 
Women 12; Students 2413, Men 1399, Women 1014; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M., LL. B., B. S., 
M. E., C. E., M. E., E. E., Forestry, Pharm. 

Motto-Lux-Sit. Colors-Purple and Gold. 

Sororities-1903, Delta Gamma; 1903, Gamma Phi Beta; 1905, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, 
Kappa Alpha Theta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta, Chi Omega, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1910, Sigma Kappa, Alpha Chi Omega. 

Washington University. 

St. Louis, Mo. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1859 ; Women admitted 1870 ; Valu- 
ation $10,717,241 ; Endowment $8,851,234 ; Faculty 169 ; Stu- 
dents 1024, Men 723, Women 301; Tuition $150; Expenses 
$350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., M. D., D. D. 
S., LL. B., C. E., M. E., E. E., Ch. E., B. Arch. C. 

Motto-Per Veritatem Vis. Colors-Myrtle and Maroon. 

Sororities-1906, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1907, Pi Beta Phi. 



Statistical Data. 147 

Wesleyan University. 

Middletown, Conn. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $973,250; Endowment $1,732,000; Faculty 37, Men 
36, Women 1; Students 300, Men 285, Women 15; Tuition 
$85; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S. 
C, $BK. 
Motto-None. Colors-Cardinal and Black. 

Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1906, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

University of West Virginia. 

Morgantown, W. Va. 

State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valuation, 
$769,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, Women 
12; Students 1257, Men 700, Women 557; Tuition $50; Ex- 
penses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., 
M. E., C. E. 3> B K. 

Motto-To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. 

Colors-Old Gold and Navy Blue. 

Sororities-1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma. 

University of Wisconsin. 

Madison, Wis. 

State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$5,159,225; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 482, Men 433, 
Women 49 ; Students 5537, Men 3978, Women 1559 ; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, B. A., B. S., Ph. B., M. A., 



148 Statistical Data. 

M. S., Ph. M., Ph. D., C. E., E. E., M. E., Ch. ~E., LL. B. 

A. C. A., C., $BK, 

Motto-Numen Lumen. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 1884, 
Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, 
Alpha Phi; 1898, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Chi 
Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

Wittenberg College. 

Springfield, 0. 

Lutheran; Opened 1845; "Women admitted 1874; Valua- 
tion $150,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 22, Men 19, 
Women 3; Students 370, Men 250, Women 120; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. D., M. A. 

Motto-Having Light They Will Give to Others. 

Colors-Cardinal and Cream. 

Sorority-1904, Alpha Xi Delta. 

Wooster University. 

Wooster, O. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Val- 
uation $2,116,871; Endowment $1,116,419; Faculty 40, Men 
29, Women 11 ; Students 667, Men 371, Women 296 ; Tuition 
$60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S. 

Motto-Ex Uno Fonte. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma, 
1910, Pi Beta Phi. 



Statistical Data. 149 

University of Wyoming. 

Laramie, Wyo. 

State; Opened 1887; "Women admitted 1887; Valuation 
$625,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 43, Men 29, Wo- 
men 14; Students 292, Men 125, Women 167; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $250; Degrees B. A., B. S., B. Ped., M. A., M. S. 
Motto-None. Colors-Brown and Yellow. 

Sorority-1910, Pi Beta Phi. 

Independent Colleges for Women. 

Of the thirteen independent colleges for women ranked 
as "A" by the United States Commissioner of Education, 
three, Goucher, Randolph-Macon Woman's College and Rock- 
ford College, admit sororities, five, Elmira, Mills, Mt. Hol- 
yoke, Smith, and Wellesley sanction local Greek-letter societies 
and five, Bryn Mawr, Simmons, Trinity, Vassar and Wells, 
are opposed to the fraternity system in any form. It does 
not seem so remarkable a circumstance that Vassar and Wells, 
established before sororities had gained any headway or 
any standing, are opposed to their admission as that Elmira 's 
first President and Wellesley 's founder made ample provision 
for similar societies which are today an essential part of the 
life of these two colleges. The attitude of Goucher and Ran- 
dolph-Macon Woman's College in admitting sororities is 
probably due to the fact that they were not opened until the 
women's fraternities had established themselves in the leading 
universities of the country and had had opportunity to dem- 
onstrate their usefulness as a factor in college life. This idea 



150 Statistical Data. 

is borne out by the fact that all the independent women's 
colleges started since 1885, with the exception of Bryn Mawr, 
Simmons and Trinity, sanction sororities in some form or 
other. Whether Goucher and Randolph-Macon Woman's Col- 
lege, which are under Methodist control, were influenced by 
the experience of other Methodist colleges, DePauw, Syracuse, 
Boston and Northwestern, which have been known for years 
as strong fraternity centers it is not the province of this 
article to say, but the fact is certainly noteworthy. 

Bryn Mawr. 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1885; Valuation $2,244,293; En- 
dowment $1,200,000; Faculty 60, Men 30, Women 30; Stu- 
dents 425; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., 
A. M., Ph. D. A. C. A. 

Motto-Veritatem Dilexi. Colors-Yellow and White. 

Elmira College. 

Elmira, N. Y. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1885; Valuation $200,000; Endow- 
ment $200,000; Faculty 21, Men 7, Women 14; Students 290; 
Tuition $150; Expenses $275; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 
Motto-None. Colors-Purple and Gold. 

As early as the year 1856 a literary society, known as Calisophia, 
was organized under the guidance of President Augustus W. Coles, 
D. D., Union 1841, who for the period of thirty-five years administered 
the affairs of the college and who still holds an honored place on the 



Statistical Data. 151 

faculty. Calisophia remained the only society for ten years, but 
owing to differences some of the members formed a new society, June 
7, 1866, to which was given the name of Philomathea. It was not 
long before the rivals took on all the characteristics of fraternity 
life and the change to Greek-Letter societies resulted quite naturally. 
Prior to 1903, membership was limited only by the wish of the active 
members, but at that time the administration decided that neither 
should carry a chapter of more than twenty-five members. 

Kappa Sigma was founded in 1856, and has about 700 members. 
The badge is a monogram of the two letters intertwined and is 
frequently set with emeralds and pearls. The colors are green and 
white, and the pennant is green with a white monogram like the 
badge. The open motto is "Per Aspera Ad Astra". The society 
has a handsomely furnished room in the college building. 

Phi Mu was founded June 7, 1866, and has about 600 members. 
The badge is a monogram, usually set with rubies and pearls, the Phi 
superimposed upon the Mu. The pledge pin is a monogram stick pin 
of the same style, but much smaller. The colors are red and gold, 
the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The pennant is of red satin with 
Phi Mu in gold letters. The society has rooms with appropriate 
fittings. 

The Fraternity of Thespis was founded in October, 1901, but is 
not a secret organization, its chief purpose being the production of 
dramatic performances, based upon careful study and work. Members 
of Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu are on its roll. The badge is a skull 
and crossbones of oxidized silver with emeralds in the eyes. The 
society has a room in the college building and a hall on the campus 
known as Thespis Hall in which is the club's theatre. 

Goucher College. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1885 ; Valuation $1,400,000 ; 
Endowment $785,000; Faculty 27, Men 14, Women 13; Stu- 



152 Statistical Data. 

dents 367 ; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degree, A. B. 3> B K. 

Motto-I Thess. V. 28. Colors-Dark Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

In addition to these branches of the national organizations there 
is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which was organized 
in 1892, and has a total membership of 150. The society has no 
desire to affiliate with any sorority and though it has a national 
charter it does not intend to establish other chapters. The badge is 
an arch bearing the letters of the society's name and a Sphinx head. 
The colors are old rose and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. 

Mills College. 

Mills College, Cal. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1871 ; Chartered as a 
college 1885; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $425,000; 
Faculty 18, Men 3, Women 15 ; Students 100 ; Tuition $150 ; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L. 

Motto-For Christ and the World. Colors-White and Gold. 

Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as a 
society that should include all college students who wished to join, 
but was changed in 1900 to a secret organization. The total member- 
ship is 100. The badge is a gold Mu with the Sigmas superimposed 
upon it. The Sigmas may be jewelled, but only pearls or diamonds 
are used, as the society's colors are white and gold. The badge worn 
by pledge members is a monogram stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon 
a Sigma. 

Delta Theta Delta was established in 1899 and was the first 
secret society at Mills. The total membership is 90. The badge is an 
oblong of black enamel with the letters of the society's name in gold. 
The colors are green and black. 



Statistical Data. 153 

Mount Holyoke College. 

South Hadley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1837 ; Chartered as a 
college 1888; Valuation $1,054,763; Endowment $838,751; 
Faculty 130, Men 11, "Women 119; Students 754; Tuition 
$150; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. C, $BK. 

Motto-Psalm CLXIY-XII. Color-Pale Blue. 

Sigma Theta Chi was founded in 1887. The total membership is 
170, the average active membership 25. The badge is composed of 
the three Greek letters, either plain or jewelled, fastened to a gold 
bar three-quarters of an inch long. 

Xi Phi Delta was founded in 1891. The total membership is 155, 
the average active membership 25. The badge is a diamond-shaped 
shield supporting another of black enamel surrounded by a twist of 
gold. The three letters are of gold and are placed in order along the 
short diagonal. The colors are purple and gold, the flower the pansy. 

Psi Omega was founded in 1897. The total membership is 140, 
the average active membership 25. The badge is a shield of gold, 
supporting another of black enamel surrounded by a fine gold beading. 
The second shield bears the letters in gold, the Psi being placed above 
the Omega. The color is lavender, the flower the violet. 

Gamma Kappa was founded in 1898. The total membership is 80, 
the average active membership 20. The badge is a monogram of the 
two letters, the Gamma superimposed upon the Kappa. The color is 
red, the flower the red rose. 

Chi Delta Theta was founded in 1902. The total membership is 
85, the average active membership 20. The badge is an equilateral 
triangle set with pearls and supporting an inner triangle of black 
enamel with the gold letters of the society's name in the angles. 
The color is old gold, the flower the yellow rose. 



154 Statistical Data. 

Randolph-Macon Woman's College. 

Lynchburg, Va. 

Methodist Episcopal South ; Opened 1893 ; Valuation $631,- 
000; Endowment $218,000; Faculty 41, Men 15, Women 26; 
Students 414; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., 

A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Lemon and Black. 

Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Alpha 
Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1905, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha 
Sigma Alpha; 1910, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Phi. 

Rockford College. 

Rockford, 111. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1849 ; Chartered as a 
college 1892; Present departments, preparatory and college: 
Valuation $190,000; Endowment $154,754; Faculty 22, Men 
2, Women 20; Tuition $75; Expenses $275; Degrees, B. A., 

B. S. 

Motto-Decus Et Veritas. Colors-Purple and White. 

Simmons College. 

Boston, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1902; Valuation $1,000,000; En- 
dowment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 70, Men 26, Women 44; Students 
600; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degree B. S. 

Motto-Art, Science, Industry. Colors-Blue and Gold. 



Statistical Data. 155 

Smith College. 

Northampton, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $675,500; Endow- 
ment $1,276,000 ; Faculty 117, Men 31, Women 86 ; Students 
1565; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-Add to Your Virtue Knowledge. Color-White. 

For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter society at 
Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to support two 
and when it seemed that competition would add strength and inspira- 
tion to the one already formed, it was decided that five members 
should go out from the first and organize a second on similar lines. 
These iive were finally volunteers, as the matter was too delicate a 
one to put to vote. As a reward for their self-sacrifice they were 
permitted to retain their original membership, but they were the only 
students who ever belonged to both organizations. 

Although these two Greek-Letter Societies are not regarded by 
either students or faculty as secret sororities, the difference between 
them and the local secret societies at other colleges is very slight. 
The large membership precludes any very close friendship such as 
the sororities seek to foster, and for this reason they resemble the 
class societies in vogue at some of the men's colleges. The letters 
of the Greek names have a special significance for the initiated and 
neither meetings nor membership are open. Eushing, however, has 
been eliminated by a unique custom of allowing each society in turn 
first choice. One year one society has the privilege of making the 
first drawing, but the next year it goes to the other. If the society 
elects three members, the other takes the same number the following 
week, and so the drawings go on until the entire delegation is selected. 
Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as to the other, 
no one ever refuses an offer from one in the hopes of receiving an 
invitation from the other. There are always sixty members in each 



156 Statistical Data. 

at the close of the year and this number is invariably made up of 
twenty-five seniors, twenty juniors and fifteen sophomores, though 
sophomores are not admitted until after the Christmas recess. The 
basis of membership is high scholarship, special literary power, or 
marked executive ability. Meetings are held once in three weeks at 
the rooms that each society has in the Students' Building. They are 
usually of a literary character, followed by a social gathering, but 
quite often a play is given. Once a year each has an open meeting 
when some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. 

The Alpha Society was founded three years after the college was 
opened. It aims to provide instruction and entertainment for its 
members. The badge is of Eoman gold and is a facsimile of a 
primitive Greek Alpha. The club color is red. 

Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to 
encourage a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary lines, 
and to bring into intimate relations those who have congenial interests. 
The badge consists of three equilateral triangles of white enamel, 
each bearing one letter of the society's name in gold and all meeting 
at a common centre under a single pearl. Each one of the three equal 
spaces between the triangles is filled with a gold fleur de lis. The 
club color is gold, the flower the daffodil. 

Trinity College. 

Washington, D. C. 

Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $1,500,000; Endowment 
$25,000 ; Faculty 31, Men 8, Women 23 ; Students 150 ; Tuition 
$125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 

Motto-TJ nitas in Trinitate. Colors-Silver and White. 

Vassar College. 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,784,314; Endow- 
ment $1,385,754; Faculty 101, Men 17, Women 84; Students 



Statistical Data. 157 

1018 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses $350 ; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
A. C. A., C., $BK. 

Motto-JSone. Colors-Rose and Gray. 

Wellesley College 

Wellesley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875 ; Valuation $3,000,000 ; Endow- 
ment $1,076,997; Faculty 103, Men 13, Women 90; Students 
1319; Tuition $175; Expenses $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A. 
A. C. A., C, $ B K. 

Motto-Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. Color-Dark Blue. 

In November 1876, Mr. Henry Fowle Durant, founder of Wellesley 
College, suggested the formation of societies devoted to social and 
literary ends. During his lifetime three were established, Phi Sigma, 
Zeta Alpha and the Shakespeare Society. These were suspended from 
1881 to 1889 by faculty fiat. Almost immediately after their re- 
establishment three others were organized for the same general 
purposes. All these societies claim to be secret in certain matters 
of detail, though their constitutions were submitted to the faculty 
for approval and each one has faculty members. All contribute 
toward the enrichment of life within the college by publishing their 
formal programs in the college papers and by inviting students outside 
their own number to lectures, addresses and social entertainment 
within their houses. 

In the early history of the societies freshmen were admitted, but 
as the years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of 
all to postpone elections to membership. This conservatism culminated 
in an inter-sorority compact made in June, 1904, not to extend invi- 
tations before the first day of the Christmas vacation of the sophomore 
year. It was later decided to admit seniors and juniors only. In 
1911 the experiment of a new basis for membership was made. The 



158 Statistical Data. 

active membership is limited to fifty in the case of each society. 

The society houses at Wellesley, unlike the fraternity houses 
of other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their members 
during the college course, are merely attractive resorts for studious 
or leisure hours. Each contains a hall for meetings, a library, a den, 
a kitchen, and cloak rooms; yet each has its own especial features, 
embodying some underlying thought of dignity and beauty. 

Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen charter 
members. Its aim is to give "Additional literary training and social 
intercourse, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship and to 
unite the interests of the undergraduates' \ It is the only Wellesley 
society that placed a chapter elsewhere, the Beta Chapter having 
been located at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., from 1893 to 
1903. The total membership of the Alpha chapter is 400. The badge 
is a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek 
letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome 
house on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built in 
1900 and is a model of an Italian villa. Each December a Christmas 
play written by one of the members is presented. 

Zeta Alpha was founded November 6, 1876. The society always 
has one open meeting during the year, a masque, to show its guests 
something representative of its work. The total membership is 400. 
Its badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of 
Western Keserve University are identical in size and shape, but the 
pin of Zeta Alpha is all of gold with a facsimile of an old Eoman 
lamp across the centre. In the upper angle is a star set with a 
turquoise and in the lower angles are the letters Zeta and Alpha in 
blue enamel. The society's house is a handsome colonial structure, 
with grounds laid out to represent an old colonial garden. 

The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim is 
"The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of development". 
It was at first an open club and many who belonged to Phi Sigma 
or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among its members, but in 1889 it was 
put upon the same basis as the other societies. The total membership 
is about 650. The badge is a gold mask with a silver quill through 



Statistical Data. 159 

the left eye and above the mask the gold letters, W. S., a facsimile 
of Shakespeare's autograph on his will. The society's house, erected 
in 1898, facing Tree Day Green, is after the style of Shakespeare's 
birthplace at Stratford and is one of the picturesque sights of 
Wellesley. The annual play, presented out of doors in Ehododendron 
Hollow, is always one of the memorable occasions of the commence- 
ment season, 

Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1889 as the "Art Society". 
The name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, viz. 
"To disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the beautiful 
in creative art and nature on the one hand, on the other to bring 
its members into closer fellowship with one another". The total mem- 
bership is 300. The badge is of gold and represents an ancient 
chariot wheel with a wing fastened to the axle. On the felloe are 
the initials of the society's name in violet enamel. The society house, 
containing a hall, fashioned after the old English style with plastered 
walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fire place, and balcony, is 
situated at the base of a wooded hill on the verge of a broad meadow. 
The members give each year a Studio Eeception. 

The Agora received its charter giving it a right to exist as one 
of the six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time it had 
been a political club founded by a few freshmen in the village 
who met to discuss political questions. Its aim is "To create in 
its members an intelligent interest in the political questions of the 
day". The total membership is 350. The badge represents the hel- 
met of Athena and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek 
characters of "Wellesley blue enamel. The society's house is beau- 
tifully situated near Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the 
style of a Greek temple. The Agora gives each year an open meeting 
in the form of a debate, at which the society shows to about 600 
guests what its work is. 

Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as the "Classical 
Society", but its name was changed in 1897 when it became a 
secret society. Its aim is "To further the interest in ancient Greek 
and Roman drama, literature, and art and their influence on modern 



160 Statistical Data. 

drama literature and art". The total membership is 225. The badge 
is a scroll of black enamel bearing the letters Alpha Kappa Chi in 
gold. The society house, erected recently and not yet finished, is 
modelled after a private Eoman house, the atrium being lighted en- 
tirely from above. In 1907 a south wing was added, and the society 
expects shortly to add a wing on the other side. Each June a play, 
usually in the original Greek, taken from the society's study for the 
year, is given in the college groves. 

Wells College. 

Aurora, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1868; Valuation $183,500; Endow- 
ment $263,000; Faculty 22, Men 7, Women 15; Students 155; 
Tuition $150 ; Expenses $350 ; Degrees, B. A., M. A. C. 

Motto-Habere Et Dispertire. Color-Cardinal. 

Affiliated Colleges. 

The word affiliated is used to designate such colleges for 
women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the adminis- 
tration of a college for men. The woman's college may, or 
may not, have an individual name, but in every case the separ- 
ation is complete, i. e. the men and women do not meet in the 
classroom. 

Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they are, 
they show many marked differences in the methods employed 
in furnishing the instruction to the women students. In the 
case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879, by a corporation under the 
name of "The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of "Wo- 
men' ', but popularly known as "Harverd Annex" until its 



Statistical Data. 161 

incorporation as a college for women in 1894, the instruction 
is given by members of the Harvard faculty. Though most 
of its courses are identical with courses in Harvard and all are 
of the same grade as those given by the university, yet many 
listed in the different departments of the College of Arts and 
Sciences are not open to students at Radcliffe. Newcomb Col- 
lege was opened in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane Univer- 
sity, but it is located in a different section of New Orleans and 
has a faculty of its own. The recent Phi Beta Kappa charter 
grant to Tulane has been interpreted as including Newcomb. 
At Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated as an under- 
graduate woman's college of Columbia, the courses are given 
by professors appointed by the trustees of the University. 
Barnard graduates receive their degrees from Columbia and 
may take up postgraduate work at the University under the 
same conditions as men. Brown University admitted women 
informally to certain privileges as early as 1892 and estab- 
lished the Woman's College as a regular department in 1897. 
"Western Reserve University became co-educational in 1872, 
but made a change in policy in 1888. As long as co-education 
existed the women were eligible to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1906 
at the suggestion of the fraternity's senate, a special Woman's 
Section of the Western Reserve chapter was formed and 
arrangement made to include past graduates of the Woman's 
College. Florida State College, opened at Tallahassee in 1851 
became coeducational in 1888, but altered this arrangement 
in 1905, when it established a college for women at Tallahassee, 
and a college for men, called Florida University, at Gaines- 
ville. Tufts College is the most recent convert, having estab- 



162 Statistical Data. 

lished Jackson College for Women in 1910 after eighteen years 
of coeducation. 

Radcliffe is the only affiliated college where no form of the 
Greek-Letter Society exists, but this is due to local conditions 
rather than to any definite policy of opposition on the part of 
the administration. In the case of the Woman's College of 
Western Reserve the authorities feel that the local societies 
are best for the women students, though fraternities are 
countenanced among the men. 

Barnard College. 

New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1889; Valuation $1,954,844; En- 
dowment $1,169,406; Faculty 78, Men 55, Women 23; Stu- 
dents 809; Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree, A. B. 
A. C. A., C, $BK. 
Motto-Hepomene To Logismo. Colors-Pale Blue and White. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Alpha Omieron Pi; 
1898, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Gamma Phi Beta; 1903, Alpha Phi; 
1903, Delta Delta Delta; 1904, Pi Beta Phi; 1906, Chi Omega. 

Brown University. 

Providence, R. I. 

Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; "Women's 
College created 1897 ; Valuation $2,125,000 ; Endowment $2,- 
500,000; Faculty 83, Men 81, Women 2; Students 994, Men 
814, Women 200; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; Degrees, 
A. B., Ph. B., B. S., M. S., A. M., Ph. D. A. C. A., $BK. 

Motto-Deo Speramus. Colors-Brown and White. 

Sororities-1897, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1908, Sigma Kappa. 



Statistical Data. 163 

Florida State College for Women. 

Tallahassee, Fla. 
State; Opened as affiliated college 1905; Faculty 23, Men 
9, Women 14; Students 273; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; 
Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 

Motto-Vires, Mores, Artes. Colors-Royal Purple and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1904, Kappa Djelta; 1908, Chi Omega, Alpha Kappa Psi; 
1909, Alpha Delta Phi. 

Newcomb College. 

New Orleans, La. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1887 ; Valuation $700,000 ; Endow- 
ment $3,100,000; Faculty 38, Men 12, Women 26; Students 
460; Tuition $100; Expenses $225; Degree, A. B. $ B K. 

Motto-None. Colors-Light Blue and Bronze. 

Sororities-1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, Chi 
Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Phi Mu; 1907, Alpha 
Delta Phi. 

Radcliffe College. 

Cambridge, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1879; Valuation $871,000; Endow- 
ment $530,000; Faculty 102, Men 102, Women 0; Students 
468; Tuition $200; Expenses $550; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. 
D. A. C. A., C. 

Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and White. 



164 Statistical Data. 

Tufts College. 

Tufts College, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
man's College* created 1910; Valuation $2,725,000; Endow- 
ment $1,600,000; Faculty 254, Men 250, Women 4; Students 
1142, Men 1022, Women 120; Tuition $125; Expenses $400; 
Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., B. D., M. D., D. M. D. 
C, $BK, 
Motto-Pax Et Lux. Colors-Brown and Blue. 

Sororities-1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1910, 
Chi Omega; 1909, Zeta Phi (Med.). 

Western Reserve University. 

Cleveland, O. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1826; Women admitted 1872; Wo- 
men's College created 1888; Valuation $1,672,585; Endow- 
ment $2,019,142 ; Faculty 214, Men 191, Women 23 ; Students 
1011, Men 674, Women 337; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; 
Degrees, A. B., A. M. A. C. A., C, $BK, 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and White. 

Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total membership 
is 86. Its founders intended that only students of Greek should be 
admitted, but this policy has been changed within the last few years. 
The badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully shaped, outlined with 
gold scroll work and bearing the Greek letters in gold. The pledge 
pin is a circle of gold with a bar across the centre. On the upper 
half of the circle are the words Delta Phi Upsilon, engraved in 
Greek characters. The colors are dark blue and gold, the flower, 
the pansy. 

*Jackson College. 



Statistical Data. 165 

Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total membership 
is 78. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides outlined with a 
row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with four concave 
sides bears the three Greek letters in gold. The colors are green 
and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The pledge pin is of black enamel, 
identical in shape and size with the inner portion of the badge. 

Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership is 
90. The badge is a five pointed star set with pearls along the edges. 
An inner raised star of black enamel bears the gold letters Phi Kappa 
Zeta. The colors are black and gold, the flower, the daffodil. 

Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total membership is 78. 
The badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined 
with pearls and the corners emphasized with emeralds. An inner 
raised portion of black enamel bears the Greek letters of the society's 
name, the Sigma being placed above the Psi. The pledge pin is a 
monogram of the two letters, the Sigma being of gold and the Psi of 
green enamel. The colors are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. 
The flag is a pennant with gold letters on a green background. The 
open motto is "Ever faithful". 

Theta Phi Omega was founded in 1904. Its total membership is 
51. The emblem is an inverted shield outlined with pearls, supporting 
an inner raised shield of black enamel, bearing the sorority letters 
in gold. The pledge pin is of gold and has four concave sides with 
an inner circle of black enamel. The colors are brown and gold, the 
flower, the yellow daisy. 

Coordinate Colleges. 

The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes 
of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational 
institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward 
the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segrega- 
tion policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 1902 
has been copied by a number of colleges especially in the 



166 Statistical Data. 

East and Middle West. All these institutions were coeduca- 
tional for a longer or shorter period and made the change for 
a variety of reasons, one because of the increasing enrolment 
of women students, another because of the decreasing attend- 
ance of men students, a third to enable the women to enjoy a 
more distinct social life. At present separation in chapel 
exercises and in the required work of the college is as far as 
most of them have followed in the lead of Chicago. Strangely 
enough the authorities in charge of the women of this large 
university are opposed to the admission of branches of the 
national sororities, while the small colleges welcome them 
heartily. 

Bucknell University. 

Lewisburg, Pa. 

Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Women *s 
College created 1905 ; Valuation $400,000 ; Endowment $700,- 
000; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women 1; Students 514, Men 373, 
Women 141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., 
Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-Orange and Blue. 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

Chicago University. 

Chicago, 111. 

Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Women's 
Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; Endow- 
ment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; Students 



Statistical Data. 167 

4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition $120; Expenses $300; 
Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., A. M., Ph. M., S. M., Ph. D., 
D. B., Ed. B., LL. D., J. D. A. C. A., $BK, 

Motto-None. Color-Maroon. 

Sorority-Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total member- 
ship is 85. The badge is a half -inch square of gold, the entire space 
being covered with the word Esoteric in green and white enamel. 
The pledge pin is a square of green enamel displaying the letter E in 
white enamel. The colors are green and white, the flower the white 
rose. 

The Mortar Board was organized November 10, 1894. The total 
membership is 100. The badge is of dark blue enamel and is designed 
to represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. The pledge pin 
is a square with bevelled edges, bearing the letters M B in gold on a 
field of blue enamel. 

The Quadranglers was organized in January, 1895. The total 
membership is 95. The badge is a square of black enamel with gold 
edges, the lowest angle pierced with the letter Q, which is set with 
ten pearl, the tail of the Q being of black enamel. The colors are black 
and white. 

The Wyvern was founded in October, 1898. The total member- 
ship is 60. The badge is a W set with either pearls or diamonds and 
entwined with a winged dragon or wyvern of gold. The pledged 
member wears a silver ring encircled by a dragon. The colors are 
gold and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. The flag shows a 
white dragon on a yellow field. 

Phi Beta Delta was founded in December, 1899. The total mem- 
mership is 60. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of rose gold, 
through which and around which twines a winged dragon holding a 
sapphire in its mouth. The letters appear in the angles of the triangle. 
The pledge pin is an open triangle of dark blue enamel. The colors 
are dark blue and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The 
jewel is the sapphire. 



168 Statistical Data. 

Colby College. 

Waterville, Me. 

Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871; Women's 
Division created 1890 ; Valuation $275,000 ; Endowment $470,- 
000 ; Faculty 23, Men 20, Women 3 ; Students 358, Men 215, 
Women 143; Tuition $90; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., 
B. S. * B K. 

Motto-Lux Mentis Scientia. Colors-Gray and Blue, 

Sororities-1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, Chi Omega; 1908, Delta Delta 
Delta. 

Middlebury, College. 

Middlebury, Vt. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; Wo- 
men's College created 1902; Valuation $500,000; Endowment 
$600,000; Faculty 21, Men 20, Women 1; Students 278, Men 
143, Women 135; Tuition $80; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., 
B. S., A. M. C, * B K. 

Motto-Scientia Et Virtus. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Sigma Kappa. 

B Colleges for Women. 

Belmont College, Nashville, Tenn., 1890, — Sigma Iota Chi, Beta 
Sigma Omicron, Phi Mu. 

Boscobel College, Nashville, Tenn., 1889, — Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Brenau College, Gainesville, Ga., 1878, — Phi Mu Gamma, Beta 
Sigma Omicron, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Alpha Delta Phi, Sigma Iota 
Chi, Phi Mu, Eta Upsilon Gamma, Zeta Tau Alpha, Mu Phi Epsilon. 

Centenary College, Cleveland, Tenn., 1903, — Beta Sigma Omicron, 
Phi Mu Gamma. 



Statistical Data. 169 

Central College, Lexington, Mo., 1869 — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta 
Upsilon Gamma. 

Christian College, Columbia, Mo., 1851, — Beta Sigma Omieron, 
Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Colorado Woman's College, Denver, Colo., 1909, — Eta Upsilon 
Gamma. 

Crescent College, Eureka Springs, Ark., 1901, — Beta Sigma Omi- 
cron, Sigma Iota Chi. 

Forest Park University, St. Louis, Mo., 1903, — Eta Upsilon 
Gamma. 

Hagerman College, Lexington, Ky., 1896, — Sigma Iota Chi. 

Hardin College, Mexico, Mo., 1873, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta 
Upsilon Gamma. 

Hollins College, Hollins, Va., 1842, — Phi Mu Gamma, Kappa Delta, 
Sigma Sigma Sigma, Phi Mu. 

Judson College, Marion, Ala., 1839, — Kappa Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha, 
Phi Mu Gamma, Alpha Delta Phi, Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Liberty Ladies College, Liberty, Mo., 1879, — Beta Sigma Omicron, 
Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Mo., 1831, — Eta Upsilon Gamma, 
Sigma Iota Chi. 

Shorter College, Eome, Ga., 1877, — Phi Mu Gamma, Sigma Iota 
Chi, Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

Stephens College, Columbia, Mo., 1856, — Beta Sigma Omicron, 
Sigma Iota Chi. 

Synodical College, Fulton, Mo., 1873, — Beta Sigma Omicron. 

Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., 1838, — Alpha Delta Phi, Phi Mu, 
Alpha Kappa Psi, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

"Woman's College of Alabama, Montgomery, Ala., 1910, — Alpha 
Delta Phi, Phi Mu Gamma, Beta Sigma Omicron. 



170 Men's Literary Fraternities. 



MEN'S LITERARY FRATERNITIES. 

ALPHA CHI RHO-June 4, 1895-Brooklyn Pol. Inst., Columbia, Cor- 
nell, Dickinson, Lafayette, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, Trinity, Virginia, 
Washington and Lee, Yale— 11. *2500-250-100. 
Garnet and White. None. 

The Garnet and White-1900. 
The Labarum-1907 '. 

ALPHA DELTA PHL-1 832- Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Johns 
Hopkins, Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Kochester, Toronto, 
Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Western Keserve, Williams, Wisconsin, 
Yale— 24. 17,000-600-250. 
Emerald Green and White. Lily of the Valley. 

ALPHA SIGMA PHI-December 1, 1845-Columbia, Cornell, Illinois, 

Marietta, Michigan, Ohio State, Wisconsin, Yale— 8. 1500-250-120. 

Cardinal and Stone. Red Rose. 

The Tomahawk-l$4<7. 

ALPHA TAU OMEGA— September 11, 1865-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. 
Pol. Inst., Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, 
Colorado, Cornell, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hillsdale, 
Illinois, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. 
Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Union, Muh- 
lenburg, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst., Simpson, 
St. Lawrence, Southern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Tennessee, Texas, 

*Total membership, active membership, average initiation. 



Men's Literary Fraternities. 171 

Trinity (N. C), Tufts, Tulane, Union University, University of the 
South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington State, Washington 
and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Eeserve, Wisconsin, 
Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester Pol. Inst.— 60. 9500-900-300. 
Sky Blue and Old Gold. Tea Kose. 

The Palm-1$$0. 

BETA THETA Pi-July 4, 1839-Amherst, Beloit, Bethany, Boston, 
Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colgate, 
Colorado, Colorado Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Davidson, 
Denison, Denver, DePauw, Dickinson, Hampden-Sidney, Hanover, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Johns 
Hopkins, Kansas, Kenyon, Knox, Lehigh, Maine, Miami, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North California, Northwestern, Ohio, 
Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Penn- 
sylvania State, Purdue, Eutgers, Stanford, Stevens, St. Lawrence, 
Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wa- 
bash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, 
Wesleyan, Western Eeserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Wisconsin, 
Wittenberg, Wooster, Yale— 73. 18,000-1800-650. 
Pink and Blue. Eose. 

Beta Theta Pi-1872. 

CHI PHI-1824*-Amherst, California, Cornell, Dartmouth, Emory, 
Franklin and Marshall, Hampden-Sidney, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., La- 
fayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, Eensselaer, Eutgers, 
Sheffield, Stevens, Texas, Virginia— 19. 5500-350-200. 
Scarlet and Blue. None. 

CHI PSI-1841-Amherst, California, Chicago, Cornell, Georgia, Hamil- 
ton, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Eutgers, Stanford, 
Stevens, Union, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin — 17. 5500-350-200. 
Purple and Gold. None. 

*Claimed, but not proved. 



172 Men's Literary Fraternities. 

DELTA KAPPA EPSILON-June 22, 1844-Alabama, Amherst, Bow- 
doin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Hamilton, Illinois, Kenyon, 
Lafayette, Mass. Inst., Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Kensselaer, 
Eochester, Eutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, 
Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington State, Wesleyan, Western Eeserve, 
Williams, Wisconsin, Fate— 43. 17,500-1000-300. 

Crimson, Blue and Gold. None. 

The Delta Kappa Epsilon Quarterly-lSSl. 

DELTA PHI-November 17, 1827-Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns 
Hopkins, Lehigh, New York, Pennsylvania, Eensselaer, Eutgers, Shef- 
field, Union, Virginia— 12. 4000-250-100. 
Blue and White. None. 

DELTA PSL-January 17, 1847 '-Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mississippi, 
Pennsylvania, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams— 8. 3500-200-75. 
Light Blue. None. 

DELTA SIGMA PHL-December 1, 1901-Ala. Pol. Inst., Chicago, 
C. C. N. F., Columbia, Cornell, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Trinity 
(Texas), Waynesburg, Washington and Lee— 11. 700-200-100. 
Nile Green and White. White Carnation. 

The Camation-1901. 

DELTA TAU DELTA-January 5, 1859-Albion, Allegheny, Armour 
Inst. Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, George Washington, 
Hillsdale, Kenyon, Hlinois, Indiana, Indianapolis, Iowa, Lafayette, 
Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Mississippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wes- 
leyan, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Eensselaer, Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, 
Texas, Tulane, Tufts, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington 



Men's Literary Fraternities. 173 

and Lee, Wesleyan, Western Eeserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin, 
Wooster— 55. 11,000-1100-550. 

Purple, Gold and White. Pansy. 

The Rainbow-1%77. 

DELTA UPSILON-November 4, 1834-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, PePauw, Hamilton, 
Harvard, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
McGill, Miami, Middlebury, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New 
York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Eochester, Eutgers, 
Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Union, Washington 
State, Western Eeserve, Williams, Wisconsin— 39. 12,000-800-400. 
Old Gold and Sapphire Blue. None. 

Delta Upsilon Quart erly-1882. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Northern) -November 26, 1825-Cornell, Hobart, 

Lehigh, McGill, Toronto, Williams, Union— 7. 2000-150-70. 

Scarlet. None. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Southern)-December 21, 1865-Alabama, Ala. Pol. 
Inst., Arkansas, Bethany, California, Centenary, Central, Charleston, 
Davidson, Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
Georgetown (Ky.), George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Kentucky 
State, Louisiana, Mercer, Millsaps, Mississippi, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, 
North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Eandolph-Macon, Eichmond, 
Southern, Southwestern, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Trin- 
ity (N. C), Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wash- 
ington, Washington and Lee, Westminster, West Virginia, William and 
Mary, William Jewell— 47. 10,000-750-400. 

Crimson and Gold. Magnolia and Eed Eose. 

Kappa Alpha Journal-1883. 

KAPPA SIGMA-December 10, 1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Ark- 
ansas, Baker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, 



174 Men's Literary Fraternities. 

Colorado College, Col. Sch. Mines, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, 
Davidson, Denison, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., George 
Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Harvard, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Iowa State College, Kentucky State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, 
Maine, Maryland, Mass. Ag. Col., Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, New York, New Hampshire, North 
Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Kandolph-Macon, Eichmond, Southwestern, 
Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Tenn- 
essee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, 
University of the South, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Washing- 
ton State, Washington State College, Washington and Jefferson, 
Washington and Lee, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wisconsin — 
78. 11,000-1750-700. 

Scarlet, White and Emerald Green. Lily of the Valley. 

Caduceus-1$85. 
Star and Crescent-1897 . 

PHI DELTA THETA-December 26, 1848-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
Allegheny, Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
Colby, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, 
Emory, Franklin, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, Knox, La- 
fayette, Lehigh, Lombard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, 
Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Penn- 
sylvania State, Purdue, Kandolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, 
Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the 
South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washburn, Washing- 
ton, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and 
Lee, Westminster, Williams, Wisconsin — 73. 18,000-1500-650. 

Argent and Azure. White Carnation. 

The ScroU-l$75. 
The Palladium-lS94>. 



Men's Literary Fraternities. 175 

PHI GAMMA DELTA-May 5,1848-Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, Beth- 
el, Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado College, Col- 
umbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Hanover, Illinois, Illinois 
Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, 
Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
Eichmond, Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity, Union, 
Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Wash- 
ington and Lee, Western Eeserve, William Jewell, Wisconsin, Witten- 
berg, Wooster, Worcester, Yale— 58. 13,000-1200-500. 

Royal Purple. Heliotrope. 

Phi Gamma Delta-l$19. 

PHI KAPPA PSI-February 19, 1852-Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, 
Brooklyn Pol. Inst., Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and 
Marshall, Hlinois, Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Lafayette, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, 
Purdue, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
Washington and Lee, Wisconsin, Wittenberg— 45. 11,000-900-300. 
Pink and Lavender. Sweet Pea. 

The Shield-1%15. 

PHI KAPPA SIGMA-October 19, 1850-Alabama, Armour, California, 
Chicago, Columbia, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Ga. Seh. Tech., 
Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Northwestern, 
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Eandolph-Macon, Eichmond, 
Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington 
and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin— 26. 5000-600-200. 

Black and Gold. None. 

Phi Kappa Sigma News Letter-1901. 

Mystic Friend-1911. 



176 Men's Literary Fraternities. 

PHI SIGMA KAPPA-March 15, 1873-Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Wash- 
ington, Illinois, Iowa, Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. 
Tech., Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Queens, Ste- 
vens, St. John's, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Union, Virginia, West 
Virginia, Williams, Yale— 27. 3000-560-300. 

Silver and Magenta Eed. None. 

Signet-1903. 

PI KAPPA ALPHA-March 1, 1868-Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Cin- 
cinnati, Davidson, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), 
Hampden-Sidney, Howard, Kentucky, Louisiana, Millsaps, Missouri, 
Mo. Sch. Mines, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, 
Eichmond, Southern, Southwestern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Tenn- 
essee, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Virginia, Washington 
and Lee, William and Mary— 39. 4000-500-250. 

Garnet and Old Gold. Lily of the Valley. 

The Shield and Diamond-1890. 

PI KAPPA PHI-December 10, 1904-California, Charleston — 5*. 150- 
65-20. 

Gold and White. Red Rose. 

Pi Kappa Phi Journal-1909. 

PSI UPSILON-November 24, 1833-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Illinois, 
Kenyon, Lehigh, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, 
Rochester, Syracuse, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Yale — 
23. 12,000-600-250. 
Garnet and Gold. None. 

SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON-March 9, 1856-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. 
Inst., Allegheny, Arkansas, Bethel, Boston, Bucknell, California, Case, 

*3 Sub r os a. 



Men's Literary Fraternities. 177 

Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, Columbia, 
Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Emory, 
Franklin, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Harvard, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, 
Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Millikin, Min- 
nesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Union, Nebraska, North Carolina, 
Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, South Carolina, 
South Dakota, Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Pres- 
byterian, Stanford, St. Stephen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, 
University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washing- 
ton State, Washington and Lee, Wisconsin, Worcester — 75*. 14,000- 
1410-600. 
Purple and Old Gold. Violet. 

The Record-1%80. 

Phi Alpha-1%92. 

SIGMA CHI-June 20, 1855-Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, Bucknell, Butler, 
California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado College, Colum- 
bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, George Wash- 
ington, Georgia, Hanover, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, 
Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst 
Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, 
Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pitts- 
burg, Purdue, Southern California, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, 
Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, 
Washington and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster — 63. 12,000- 
1000-500. 
Blue and Gold. White Eose. 

The Sigma Chi Quarterly-1881. 

The Sigma Chi Bulletiru-1887 '. 

SIGMA NU-January 1, 1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Ark- 
ansas, Bethany, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, 

*Two are sub-rosa. 



178 Men's Literary Fraternities. 

Columbia, Cornell, Cornell College (Iowa), Dartmouth, Delaware, 
DePauw, Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Howard, Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Le- 
high, Lombard, Louisiana, Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Mo. Sch. Mines, Montana, Mt. Union, Nebraska, North Carolina, 
N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, 
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Eose Pol. Inst., 
Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, 
Virginia, Va. Mil. Inst., Washington, Washington State, Washington 
State College, Washington and Lee, Western Eeserve, West Virginia, 
William Jewell, Wisconsin— 66. 8500-1250-600. 

Black, White and Gold. White Eose. 

Delta of Sigma 1^1883. 

SIGMA PHI-March 4, 1827-Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, Lehigh, Mich- 
igan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 9. 3000-200-75. 
Light Blue and White. None. 

SIGMA PHI EPSILON-November 1, 1901-Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, 
Baker, California, Colorado, Dartmouth, Delaware, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
George Washington, Illinois (Med. Col.), Lehigh, Nebraska, N. C. A. 
& M. C, Norwich, Ohio Northern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, 
Eandolph-Macon, Richmond, Syracuse, Trinity (N. O), Virginia, Va. 
Mil. Inst., Washington and Lee, West Virginia, William and Mary — 
27. 1700-600-250. 

Purple and Eed. American Beauty and Violet. 

Sigma Phi Epsilon Journal-1904i. 

SIGMA PI-1897-Illinois, Ohio State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Temple, 
Vincennes — 6. 400-150-50. 

Lavender and White. Orchid. 

The Emerold-1911. 
TAU KAPPA EPSILON-January 10, 1899-Illinois Wesley an, Millikin 
—2. 150-50-15. 

Cherry and Gray. Eed Carnation. 

The Teke-190$. 



Men's Literary Fraternities. 179 

THETA CHI-April 10, 1856-Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., New Hampshire, 
Norwich, Eensselaer, Ehode Island, Worcester — 7. 750-160-75. 

Eed and White. None. 

THETA DELTA CHI-June 5, 1848-Amherst, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, 
California, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, George Wash- 
ington, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. 
Inst. Tech., McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Eochester, Stanford, Tufts, 
Virginia, William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin — 27. 5500-550-250. 
Black, White and Blue. Pink Carnation. 

The Shield-1$$4>. 

THETA XI-April 29, 1864-California, Columbia, Cornell, Iowa State 
College, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
Rensselaer, Eose, Sheffeld, Stevens, Washington, Yale — 13. 1200-250- 
100. 

None. None. 

Theta Xi Quarterly-1%94>. 

ZETA PSI-1847-Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Colby, Columbia, 
Cornell, Illinois, Lafayette, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, 
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Eutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, 
Tufts, Virginia, Wisconsin, Williams, Yale— 24. 7500-500-200. 
White. White Carnation 

The Circle-1910. 



180 



Conference Sororities. 



< 


o o 


© 


© o 


U0 


m © 


m 


I> rH 


1 ° 


- rH © 


^ 


o o 


© 


1C 05 


05 


1> iH 


© 






i 




otf tH 


CO 


T~*. 


i—( 










1 


& 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


m © 


iC 


OJ £> 


»o 


CO © 


J> 


< 


o o 


© 


»fl © 


IO 


Z> iC 


05 


r-i 




y-i 




o m 


iO 


tH i—l 
















< 


CO 05 




















< 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


© m 


»o 


© CO 


© 


m © 


»o 


< 


O O 


m 


© m 


IO 


CO rH 


© 










T* 05 


»H 


05 


rH 














< 


o o 


© 


© lO 


UO 


iO iO 


© 


05 QO 


^ 


£- ri 


© 


o o 


© 


© OJ 


t» 


i> i> 




r-i 








ao co 


o 


05 r-i 
















s: 






















p 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


t^ © 


GO 


© rH 


m 


o 

< 


o *a 


o 


© © 


© 


© rji 


© 


rH 








CO CQ 


w 


CO i-H 


Oi 


i— i 












M 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


»» © 


m 


r-< © 


m 


D- T-t 


© 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


£> ^ 


CO 


•t—i 








w 


as <* 


m 


05 1—! 


~H 














G 


o o 


© 


UO © 


lO 


© © 


© 


tH © 


^ 


05 © 


o^ 


o o 


© 


05 © 


Oi 


© iO 


m 


0^> 05 




05 rH 


rH 


X 


05 o 


05 


m co 


05 


Oi rH 












CQ H 


l-H 


















< 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


© IO 


m 


© © 


© 


m CQ 


CO 


w 


© o 


© 


lO © 


IO 


m i> 


z> 


TH r-4 








o ^ 


© 


CO t— 1 


05 


«H 












<! 


1—1 




















<i 


o o 


© 


© © 


© 


© iO 


m 


m co 


05 


CO © 


I> 


<1 


o © 


© 


m © 


m 


»a z> 


2> 


CO 05 


rH 


CO rH 


T-i 


© £> 


CO 


t~ ^ 


CO 


CO rH 


rH 










< 


CO rH 


tH 


















G 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


J> CC 


© 


Z> rH 


© 


H 


© © 


© 


m © 


O 


m m 


© 


T— 1 








J> © 


t- 


CO t-i 




T-i 


y-4 










< 


v-i T-i 




















CQ 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


m © 


m 


t^ 05 


05 


QO © 


05 


e 


© © 


© 


ia m 


© 


05 © 


05 


T-i rH 








ao 05 


© 


CO 05 


1— 1 


rH T-i 












Ph 


H rH 




















e 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© m 


io 


© CO 


CO 


© £> 


05 


© © 


© 


m iO 


© 


© i> 


o? 


T-i rH 








«4 


CO tC 


XI 


CO 05 




rH 












05 h 




















Fh 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© m 


m 


03 !> 


m 


2> © 


I> 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© GO 


i> 


05 r-i 




T-i r-i 




<I 


© tH 


© 


t* CO 


i-4 














CO 05 




















f_( 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© CO 


co 


05 © 


05 


M 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


m © 


O 






CO CO 




lO J> 


05 


t- m 


05 


05 05 












fed 


m ^ 


r-i 


















© 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


co z> 


© 


CO CO 


© 




© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© m 


m 


CO 05 




05 T-i 


T-i 


£- iO 


05 


© Tt< 


05 


05 rH 












T*H CO 


rH 


















e< 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


CO © 


r- 


CO © 


CO 


H 


© © 


© 


© © 


© 


© m 


IO 


T^ CO 




T^ CO 


rH 


-* m 


© 


© © 


T-i 


CO 05 












E 


© Th 


— 1 


rH 


















rH © 




T-i © 




tH © 




rH © | 




T-i © 






r^ P 




iH © 




rH © 




tH © 1 




r- © 






Ph 


fc 


Pi 


* 


fl) 5 


(2J 




fe 




{25 




3 

l-H cc 




gill 

© r^ 


M 


M 


^ & 


M 


S © 

CO TH 






<1 


-< 


bc.2 


< 


V r- 

be a 
^ p< 

© a 


<1 


5 






o 


o 


S.2 


o 


o 


II 

<5 cc 
< 


o 








© 




<^ 3 

M 









CXI <J 

00 © 

rn rH 

-^ 



o,3 d 

QQ O 



S3 • © © 

' ft 

cS 



rH 



a o _^ 

r?H © bJO 

"S O ^ 

o . ^ o 

Ph ^^ K 



r^DQO 
W CO 



32 

3 3 



> & 

• fH CQ 

© 
. bo 

© CO 

© a? 

io <! 

C5 



. r« cni 

to 00. 

© IH «-> 

u © © 

S3 pO -£ 

•rH g CO 



<1 

_ # Ph 

,pH *rH • 
00 *9 © 

r" O 
3 ^ 

co_0 



o go 
EH g 



rH r-H O 

« £ rl 

?H OQ -^ 

© rH © 

■P <D 

■Si 



W)J 



© 

CO 



CO ^ 

©«^oo 

-*f 05 IO 



Monthly Study Topics. 



181 



MONTHLY STUDY TOPICS. 



October. Inception of the Sorority Idea. Phi Beta Kappa and its 
successors; types; educational opportunities for women; 
rise of sorority; causes; centres of activity; types. 

November. Extension. 1870-1885; 1885-1900; 1900-1910; open and 
closed fields; voting privileges in different sororities; ad- 
vantages and disadvantages of long, short, compact, scat- 
tered, sectional rolls; conservatism vs. expansion; univer- 
sity vs. college. 

December. Standards. Governmental; A. C. A.; S. A. C. W.; Phi Beta 
Kappa; Phi Kappa Phi; Carnegie Foundation; other agen- 
cies at work; pressing need for a definite and fair crite- 
rion. 

January. Government. Supreme governing body; usual council; 
variations in numbers and elections; advantages and dis- 
advantages in long term and tenure; present tendencies; 
salaried officers; central office. 

February. Publications. Usual; special; contemporaneous fraternity 
and sorority magazines; finance; life subscriptions. 

March. The Alumnae Movement. History; duty owed by sorori- 

ty; advantages; national prestige; financial security; con- 
vention representation; obligations and privileges of alum- 
nae associations. 

April. The Chapter House Movement. Advantages and disad- 

vantages locally and elsewhere; finance; methods used by 
other fraternities and sororities; ownership; house rules; 
chaperones. 

May. Panhellenism. History; growth; ideals; National Pan- 

hellenic; city panhellenics; college panhellenics; local 
rules; rules elsewhere; sophomore pledging; compulsory, 
voluntary; net gains to date; men's movement. 



m?ttuinm&a 



ifataranfca 



iHmtfratuia 



iifomtfranfra 



Ulwtuiraniia 



Jntox 



The Higher Education of Women 1 

The Evolution of the Sorority System 9 

Distribution of Chapters 15 

Extension 17 

Standards 24 

Government 30 

Publications 32 

Alumnae Associations 36 

Chapter Houses 39 

Pan-Hellenism 40 

The Congress of Fraternities 41 

The Inter-Sorority Conferences 42 

The Mission of the Sorority 47 

Literary Sororities. Class A 63 

Alpha Chi Omega 63 

Alpha Delta Phi 64 

Alpha Gamma Delta 65 

Alpha Kappa Psi 66 

Alpha Omicron Pi 67 

Alpha Phi 68 

Alpha Sigma Alpha 69 

Alpha Xi Delta 70 

Beta Sigma Omicron 71 

Chi Omega 72 

Delta Delta Delta 74 

Delta Gamma 75 

Delta Zeta 76 

Gamma Phi Beta 77 

Kappa Alpha Theta 78 



Kappa Delta 79 

Kappa Kappa Gamma 81 

Phi Mu 82 

Phi Mu Gamma 83 

Pi Beta Phi 84 

Pi Delta Kappa 85 

Sigma Kappa 86 

Zeta Tau Alpha 87 

Literary Sororities. Class B 88 

Eta Upsilon Gamma 88 

Sigma Iota Chi 89 

Theta Chi 90 

Medical Sororities 92 

Alpha Epsilon Iota 92 

Zeta Phi 93 

Musical Sororities 94 

Mu Phi Epsilon 95 

Sigma Alpha Iota 96 

Normal Sororities 97 

Sigma Sigma Sigma 98 

Necrology of Chapters 100 

Honorary Societies Admitting Women 103 

Sigma Xi 109, 112 

Phi Kappa Phi 109, 113 

Phi Beta Kappa 103, 111 

Alpha Omega Alpha 110, 114 

The Association of Collegiate Alumnae 115 

Southern Association of College Women 116 

The Carnegie Foundation 117 

Statistical Data 118 

Coeducational Colleges 118 

Independent Colleges for Women 149 

Affiliated Colleges 160 

Coordinate Colleges I A .T^rr^^S 165 

B Colleges for Women /iTj^fy/. 168 

Men's Literary Fratem| iTyfs . i k^^rT 170 



r .T RATERNITIE! 








$ %. 








, . 5/ y o « v * <6^ < 

>,% ° . c 

o> ~^, X »c- 

' V ,. .•< " o t > Sf t s o v <- ' 

'^.^ -%►<£ **<$ 

^\ &% <£% : ^' 

^% ^ \ ^, %: IT 7 





^ 



<S 






nV 



% <P 



xv 










V\ ,V-^/'" 8 vV 





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



020 133 447 



V 






:<':■<! 









M 



m 






■ 



AM 



I 



;'.i:;( 



■ 

I 






HIMfl 



h 



;i! 



EHH 



RH 



HHmB 



BB 21 



